Coloured Particles for Electrophoretic Displays

ABSTRACT

The present invention discloses the use of functionalized particles as electrophoretic displaying particles, wherein the functionalized particles are SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3  or mixed SiO 2  and Al 2 O 3  particles comprising, covalently bound to an oxygen atom on the surface, a radical of formula (1), wherein R 1  and R 2  are independently of each other hydrogen, particle surface-O—, or a substituent, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, B is the direct bond or a bridge member, and D is the residue of an organic chromophore.

The present invention relates to the use of specifically functionalizedparticles as electrophoretic displaying particles, to electrophoreticdispersions comprising the functionalized particles, electrophoreticdisplays comprising the functionalized particles, as well as to thenovel functionalized particles.

Electrophoretic displays generally comprise an electric double layerproduced in an interface between a solid (charged particle) and a liquid(dispersion medium), in which a charged particle migrates to anelectrode having polarity opposite to the charge possessed by thecharged particle by using, as motive power, the force exerted by anelectric field.

It is of importance for electrophoretic displays, especially forelectronic paper, that, once some contents are displayed, the displaycan be retained for a longer period of time even though a voltage is nolonger applied.

The present invention provides charged particles which can be used forsuch displays and which enable to cover the full colour range.

Today's state of the art concerning electronic paper is the alreadyexisting black and white electronic paper as a display using electronicinks. Electronic ink is a material that is processed into a film forintegration into electronic displays. The principal components ofelectronic inks are millions of tiny microcapsules, about the diameterof a human hair. In one embodiment, each microcapsule containspositively charged white particles and negatively charged blackparticles suspended in a clear fluid. When a negative voltage (field) isapplied at the top electrode, the white particles move to the top of themicrocapsule where they become visible to the user. This makes thesurface appear white at that spot. At the same time, an oppositepositive voltage pulls the black negatively charged particles to thebottom of the microcapsules where they are hidden. By reversing thisprocess, the black particles appear at the top of the capsule, which nowmakes the surface appear dark at that spot. With this approach an imageor a text can be visualized on displays surfaces. The disadvantage isthat today's technology mainly only produces black and white displays.To come up with a coloured electronic paper display, it is a requirementto have coloured particles (green, blue, red or magenta, yellow, cyan)of appropriate size and homodispersity, which can be guided byelectrophoretic movements like the black and white particles asdescribed above, when sandwiched in between a positive and negativeelectrode.

The subject matter of the present invention is based on the idea to usesilica or alumina nano-, sub-micro- or microparticles surface modifiedwith at least a chemically bonded dye, if additionally required achemically bonded anionic or cationic group and, if required to makethem compatible to the organic solvent, a compatibilizer group. Withthis approach and by using different coloured dyes, it is possible tosynthesize rather homodisperse particles with any colour needed, with awide range of zeta potential, and which are stable in dispersions. Asthe particle size is easy to tune in a narrow particle sizedistribution, it is possible to produce transparent as well as opaquecoloured particles. This is important as for different displayapproaches either transparent or opaque coloured particles could beneeded.

The present invention therefore relates to the use of functionalizedparticles as electrophoretic displaying particles, wherein

the functionalized particles are SiO₂, Al₂O₃ or mixed SiO₂ and Al₂O₃particles comprising, covalently bound to an oxygen atom on the surface,a radical of formula

whereinR₁ and R₂ are independently of each other hydrogen, particle surface-O—,or a substituent,n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8,B is the direct bond or a bridge member, andD is the residue of an organic chromophore.

The functionalized particles comprising a covalently bound radical offormula (1) should carry a positive or negative charge. It is preferredthat the particles comprise a cationic ammonium or phosphonium group oran anionic carboxy, sulfato, sulfonato or phosphato group.

Examples of cationic ammonium groups are those of the formula —N(R₁*)₃,wherein the three radicals R₁* can have the same or different meanings,and R₁ is hydrogen; C₁-C₁₂alkyl which can be interrupted by —O— and canbe substituted by hydroxyl or phenyl, and wherein the phenyl radical canbe further substituted by C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy or halogen; or phenylwhich can be substituted by C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy or halogen. It ispreferred that R₁ is hydrogen or C₁-C₁₂alkyl, especially C₁-C₁₂alkyl.

Examples of cationic phosphonium groups are those of the formula—P(R₁*)₃, wherein the three radicals R₁*, can have the same or differentmeanings, and are as defined above.

Preferred anionic groups are carboxy, sulfato or sulfonato, especiallycarboxy or sulfonato.

In the context of the present invention it is to be understood that thecationic and anionic groups can also comprise the correspondingcounterions.

For example, cationic groups may also comprise corresponding anioniccounterions. Anionic counterions denote, for example, an organic orinorganic anion, such as halide, preferably chloride and fluoride,sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, phosphate, phosphorus hexafluoride, borontetrafluoride, boron tetraphenyl, carbonate, bicarbonate, oxalate orC₁-C₈alkyl sulfate, especially methyl sulfate or ethyl sulfate; anioniccounterion also denotes lactate, formate, acetate, propionate or acomplex anion, such as the zinc chloride double salt. The anioniccounterion is especially a halide, preferably chloride or fluoride,sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, methyl sulfate, ethyl sulfate, phosphate,formate, acetate or lactate. The anionic counterion is more especiallyfluoride, chloride, methyl sulfate, ethyl sulfate, formate or acetate.

Furthermore, anionic groups may also comprise cationic counterions, likethose of the formulae N(R₂*)₄ ⁺, P(R₃*)₄ ⁺ or alkali metal ions, whereinthe four radicals R₂* as well as the four radicals R₃* can have the sameor different meanings. As to R₂* and R₃*the definitions and preferencesgiven above for R₁* apply. Examples of alkali metal ions are lithium,sodium, potassium and cesium.

R₁ and R₂ are, for example, independently of each other hydrogen;C₁-C₂₅alkyl which may be interrupted by —O— or —S—; C₂-C₂₄alkenyl;phenyl; C₇-C₉-phenylalkyl; —OR₅;

R₅ is hydrogen; C₁-C₂₅alkyl which may be interrupted by —O— or —S—;C₂-C₂₄alkenyl; phenyl; C₇-C₉-phenylalkyl;

or the particle surface,R₆ and R₇ independently of each other are hydrogen; C₁-C₂₅alkyl whichmay be interrupted by —O— or —S—; C₂-C₂₄alkenyl; phenyl;C₇-C₉-phenylalkyl; or —OR₅, andR₈, R₉ and R₁₀ independently of each other are hydrogen; C₁-C₂₅alkylwhich may be interrupted by —O— or —S—; C₂-C₂₄alkenyl; phenyl; orC₇-C₉-phenylalkyl.

R₁, R₂, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉ and R₁₀ as C₁-C₂₅alkyl may be a branched orunbranched radical, for example methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl,n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, 2-ethylbutyl, n-pentyl,isopentyl, 1-methylpentyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, n-hexyl, 1-methylhexyl,n-heptyl, isoheptyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl, 1-methylheptyl,3-methylheptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 1,1,3-trimethylhexyl,1,1,3,3-tetramethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, 1-methylundecyl,dodecyl, 1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethylhexyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl,hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, icosyl or docosyl. The alkyl radicalsmay be uninterrupted or be interrupted by —O— or —S—. Alkyl radicalslike C₂-C₂₅alkyl, especially C₃-C₂₅alkyl, which are interrupted by —O—or —S— are, for example, CH₃—O—CH₂CH₂—, CH₃—S—CH₂CH₂—,CH₃—O—CH₂CH₂—O—CH₂CH₂—, CH₃—O—CH₂CH₂—O—CH₂CH₂—,CH₃—(O—CH₂CH₂—)₂O—CH₂CH₂—, CH₃—(O—CH₂CH₂—)₃O—CH₂CH₂— orCH₃—(O—CH₂CH₂—)₄O—CH₂CH₂—.

Preferred is C₁-C₁₂alkyl, especially C₁-C₈alkyl, which alkyl radicalsmay be uninterrupted or be interrupted by —O—.

R₁, R₂, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉ and R₁₀ as alkenyl having 2 to 24 carbonatoms may be a branched or unbranched radical such as, for example,vinyl, propenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, isobutenyl, n-2,4-pentadienyl,3-methyl-2-butenyl, n-2-octenyl, n-2-dodecenyl, iso-dodecenyl, oleyl,n-2-octadecenyl or n-4-octadecenyl. Preference is given to alkenylhaving 3 to 18, especially 3 to 12, for example 3 to 6, especially 3 to4 carbon atoms.

R₁, R₂, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉ and R₁₀ as C₇-C₉-phenylalkyl are, forexample, benzyl, α-methylbenzyl, α,α-dimethylbenzyl or 2-phenylethyl.Preference is given to benzyl.

R₅ is preferably hydrogen, C₁-C₄alkyl, or the particle surface,especially the particle surface, like the Al₂O₃ surface or the SiO₂surface. A highly preferred meaning for R₅ is the SiO₂ surface.

R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉ and R₁₀ are preferably C₁-C₄alkyl, especially methyl.

Preferably, R₁ and R₂ are —OR₅;

especially a radical of formula —OR₅, wherein for R₅, R₆ and

R₇ the above-mentioned meanings and preferences apply.

More preferably, R₁ and R₂ are a radical of formula —OR₅, wherein R₅ isthe particle surface, like the Al₂O₃ surface or the SiO₂ surface,especially the SiO₂ surface.

n is preferably 2, 3 or 4, especially 3.

B is, for example, the direct bond, —NH—SO₂—, —NH—CO—, —NH—CO—NH—CO— orC₁-C₂₅alkylene, which alkylene may be bound and/or be interrupted by atleast one of the radicals selected from the group consisting of —O—,—S—, —N(R₃)—, —N⁺(R₃)₂—, —CO—, —O—CO—, —CO—O—, —N(R₃)—CO—, —CO—N(R₃)—and phenylene, wherein R₃ is hydrogen or optionally substitutedC₁-C₁₂alkyl. The C₁-C₂₅alkylene radical may be unsubstituted orsubstituted, for example by the cationic or anionic groups mentionedbefore or by hydroxy, preferably by hydroxy. The phenylene radicalmentioned above may be unsubstituted or substituted, for example byhydroxyl, halogen, carboxy, sulfonato, amino, acetylamino or mono- ordi(C₁-C₈alkyl)amino. R₃ as alkyl radical may be substituted by thecationic or anionic groups mentioned before, especially by a cationicammonium group or an anionic carboxy, sulfato or sulfonato group.

Preferably, R₃ is hydrogen or C₁-C₁₂alkyl, especially hydrogen orC₁-C₄alkyl. A highly preferred meaning for R₃ is hydrogen.

Preferably, B is the direct bond or a bridge member of formula-A₁-C₁-C₂₅alkylene-A₂-, -A₁-C₁-C₂₅alkylene-phenylene-A₂- or-A₁-phenylene-C₁-C₂₅alkylene-A₂-,

wherein the C₁-C₂₅alkylene can be uninterrupted or be interrupted asgiven above and A₁ and A₂ are the direct bond or radicals as givenabove. Preferred meanings for A₁ and A₂ are the direct bond, —O—, —S—,—N(R₃)—, —CO—, —O—CO—, —CO—O—, —N(R₃)—CO—, —CO—N(R₃)—, especially—N(R₃)—, —O— or —S—, wherein R₃ is as defined above. Highly preferredmeanings for A₁ and A₂ are the direct bond or —N(R₃)—, especially thedirect bond or —NH—. As to the C₁-C₂₅alkylene it is preferred that it isuninterrupted or interrupted by at least one of the radicals selectedfrom the group consisting of —O—, —N(R₃)—, —N⁺(R₃)₂—, —CO—, —CO—O—,—CO—N(R₃)— and phenylene, especially —O—, —NH—, —CO—O—, —CO—NH— andphenylene, and more preferably by —CO—O—, —CO—NH— and phenylene.C₁-C₂₅alkylene and phenylene may be substituted as given above, orpreferably be unsubstituted. In general, for C₁-C₂₅alkylene radicalsC₂-C₂₅alkylene, especially C₂-C₁₆alkylene, is preferred.

More preferably, B is the direct bond or a bridge member of formula-A₁-C₁-C₂₅alkylene-A₂-, -A₁-C₁-C₂₅alkylene-phenylene-A₂- or-A₁-phenylene-C₁-C₂₅alkylene-A₂-, wherein

A₁ and A₂ are the direct bond, —O—, —S—, —N(R₃)—, —CO—, —O—CO—, —CO—O—,—N(R₃)—CO— or —CO—N(R₃)—,the C₁-C₂₅alkylene radical is uninterrupted or interrupted by at leastone of the radicals selected from the group consisting of —O—, —S—,—N(R₃)—, —N⁺(R₃)₂—, —CO—, —O—CO—, —CO—O—, —N(R₃)—CO—, —CO—N(R₃)— andphenylene, and wherein R₃ is as defined above.

Important meanings for B are the direct bond or a bridge member offormula -A₁-C₁-C₂₅alkylene-A₂-, -A₁-C₁-C₂₅alkylene-phenylene-A₂- or-A₁-phenylene-C₁-C₂₅alkylene-A₂-, wherein

A₁ and A₂ are the direct bond —N(R₃)—, —O— or —S—, wherein R₃ is asdefined above, and the C₁-C₂₅alkylene radical is uninterrupted orinterrupted by at least one of the radicals selected from the groupconsisting of —O—, —S—, —NH—, —CO—, —O—CO—, —CO—O—, —NH—CO—, —CO—NH— andphenylene.

Very important meanings for B are the direct bond or a bridge member offormula —NH—C₁-C₂₅alkylene-A₂- or —NH—C₁-C₂₅alkylene-phenylene-A₂-,wherein

A₂ is the direct bond or —NH—, andthe C₁-C₂₅alkylene radical is uninterrupted or interrupted by at leastone of the radicals selected from the group consisting of —CO—O—,—CO—NH— and phenylene.

C₁-C₂₅alkylene and phenylene may be substituted as given above, orpreferably be unsubstituted.

D is preferably the radical of an acridine, anthraquinone, azamethine,monoazo, disazo, polyazo, benzodifuranone, coumarin,diketopyrrolopyrrol, dioxazine, diphenylmethane, formazan, indigoid,methine, polymethine, naphtalimide, naphtoquinone, nitroaryl, oxazine,perinone, perylene, phenazine, phthalocyanine, pyrenequinone,quinacridone, quinoneimine, quinophtalone, stilbene, styryl, thiazine,thioxanthene, triarylmethane, xanthene or metal complex dye, and morepreferably the radical of a monoazo, disazo, polyazo, anthraquinone,phthalocyanine, formazan, dioxazine or metal complex dye.

The radicals D may carry a group having a cationic or anionic charge,like those given herein before. According to a preferred embodiment theradicals D do not contain such groups (like cationic ammonium orphosphonium groups or anionic carboxy, sulfato, sulfonato or phosphatogroups).

Preferred radicals D of a monoazo dye are the following:

wherein

B¹ and B², independently of each other, are phenyl, naphthyl, or aheterocylic group, each of which can be unsubstituted or substituted.Examples of such substituents are C₁-C₈alkyl; hydroxyl-, sulfonato- orsulfato-substituted C₁-C₈alkyl; C₁-C₈alkoxy; hydroxyl-, sulfonato- orsulfato-substituted C₁-C₈alkoxy; trifluoromethyl; hydroxy; halogen;carboxy; sulfonato; sulfato; cyano; nitro; ureido; carbamoyl; amino;acetylamino; mono- or di(C₁-C₈alkyl)amino; cationic ammonium groups likethose mentioned before; or phenyl or benzoyl, each of which in turn canbe unsubstituted or substituted in the phenyl ring by at least one ofthe substitutents given above, especially by C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy,halogen or sulfonato. Preferred heterocyclic groups are the imidazole,pyridazine, pyrazolone and 6-hydroxypyrid-2-one group.

Preferred radicals D of a disazo dye are those of formula

wherein B¹ and B² are as defined above under formulae (2a) and (2b) andB³ is phenylene or naphthylene, each of which can be substituted asgiven above for B¹ andB² under formulae (2a) and (2b).

Preferred radicals D of a phthalocyanine dye are those of formula

whereinMePhC is the radical of a metal phthalocyanine,X₁ is the direct bond, —O—, —S— or —N(R¹⁰¹)—, wherein R¹⁰¹ is hydrogenor C₁-C₁₂alkyl,R¹⁰⁰ is hydrogen, C₁-C₂₅alkyl or hydroxyl-substituted C₁-C₂₅alkyl;C₁-C₂₅alkoxy or hydroxyl-substituted C₁-C₂₅alkoxy; halogen; carboxy;sulfonato; amino; acetylamino; mono- or di(C₁-C₈alkyl)amino; cyano orhydroxy, andx is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8.

Me is preferably a metal selected from copper, nickel or cobalt,especially copper.

Preferred radicals D of an anthraquinone dye are the following:

whereinR¹⁰², R¹⁰⁵ and R¹⁰⁸ are hydrogen; C₁-C₁₂alkyl or hydroxyl-substitutedC₁-C₁₂alkyl,R¹⁰³, R¹⁰⁴, R¹⁰⁶ and R¹⁰⁷ are hydrogen; C₁-C₁₂alkyl orhydroxyl-substituted C₁-C₁₂alkyl;C₁-C₁₂alkoxy or hydroxyl-substituted C₁-C₁₂alkoxy; halogen; carboxy;sulfonato; amino; ureido; carbamoyl; acetylamino; mono- ordi(C₁-C₈alkyl)amino; cyano; nitro or hydroxy, andR¹⁰⁹ is hydrogen; C₁-C₁₂alkyl or hydroxyl-substituted C₁-C₁₂alkyl; orphenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by at least one of thegroups given above for R¹⁰³, R¹⁰⁴, R¹⁰⁶ andR¹⁰⁷, especially by C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, halogen or sulfonato.

It is preferred that R₁₀₂, R₁₀₅ and at least one of R₁₀₈ and R₁₀₉ ishydrogen.

Preferred radicals D of a metal complex dye are those comprisingterpyridine ligands.

Preferred metals are iron, especially Fe²⁺.

Preferred terpyridine ligands are those of formula

whereinR¹¹⁰ is hydrogen or C₁-C₁₂alkyl;R¹¹¹, R¹¹² and R¹¹³ are each independently of the others hydrogen;C₁-C₁₂alkyl; C₁-C₁₂alkoxy; hydroxy; phenyl unsubstituted or substitutedby C₁-C₈alkyl, C₁-C₈alkoxy, phenyl or by hydroxy; hydrazino; amino;N-mono- or N,N-di-C₁-C₄alkylamino unsubstituted or substituted byhydroxyl in the alkyl moiety; or an unsubstituted orC₁-C₈alkyl-substituted pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholineor azepane ring.

R¹¹⁰ is preferably C₁-C₁₂alkyl, more preferably C₁-C₄alkyl. R¹¹¹, R¹¹²and R¹¹³ are preferably hydrogen.

The functionalized particles are preferably used as green, blue, red,magenta, yellow or cyan components.

More preferably, a combination of the functionalized particles is usedand the functionlized particles are used as green, blue and redcomponents, or the functionalized particles are used as magenta, yellowand cyan components.

Highly preferred is the use of the functionalized particle as a greencomponent and wherein

D is the radical of a phthalocyanine dye, orthe functionalized particle is used as a blue component and D is theradical of a metal complex dye or an 1,4-diamino anthraquinone dye, orthe functionalized particle is used as a red component and D is theradical of an 1-amino anthraquinone dye.

According to a further embodiment of the present invention thefunctionalized particles can comprise in addition to the radical offormula (1), covalently bound to an oxygen atom on the surface, aradical of the formula

whereinR₁₂ and R₁₃ have the meanings given above under formula (1) for R₁ andR₂,R₁₁ is C₁-C₂₅alkyl or C₂-C₂₄alkenyl, each of which is unsubstituted orsubstituted by amino, mercapto, phenyl or hydroxyl and is uninterruptedor interrupted by —O—, —S—, —N(R₁₄)—, —CO—, —O—CO—, —CO—O—, —N(R₁₄)—CO—,—CO—N(R₁₄)— or phenylene; C₅-C₁₂cycloalkyl;C₅-C₁₂cycloalkenyl; or a polymerizable group or a polymer each of whichmay be bound via a bridge member, andR₁₄ is hydrogen or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₁₂alkyl, especiallyhydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl or hydroxyl-substituted C₁-C₁₂alkyl, and morepreferably hydrogen or C₁-C₄alkyl.

The radical of formula (7) may be introduced into the particles in orderto compatibilize the particle with a dispersion medium. Therefore, insuch cases it is possible to prepare dispersions without the use ofseparate dispersants or surfactants.

As to R₁₂ and R₁₃ the definitions and preferences given herein beforefor R₁ and R₂ apply.

R₁₄ is preferably hydrogen or methyl, especially hydrogen.

As to R₁₁ in the meaning as C₁-C₂₅alkyl and C₂-C₂₄alkenyl thedefinitions and preferences given above for R₁, R₂, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉and R₁₀ apply. A preferred definition of R₁₁ is C₂-C₁₂alkyl, especiallyC₂-C₈alkyl.

R₁₁ as hydroxyl-substituted C₁-C₂₅alkyl is a branched or unbranchedradical which contains preferably 1 to 3, in particular 1 or 2, hydroxylgroups, such as, for example, hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl,2-hydroxypropyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, 3-hydroxybutyl, 2-hydroxybutyl,5-hydroxypentyl, 4-hydroxypentyl, 3-hydroxypentyl, 2-hydroxypentyl,6-hydroxyhexyl, 5-hydroxyhexyl, 4-hydroxyhexyl, 3-hydroxyhexyl,2-hydroxyhexyl, 7-hydroxyheptyl, 6-hydroxyheptyl, 5-hydroxyheptyl,4-hydroxyheptyl, 3-hydroxyheptyl, 2-hydroxyheptyl, 8-hydroxyoctyl,7-hydroxyoctyl, 6-hydroxyoctyl, 5-hydroxyoctyl, 4-hydroxyoctyl,3-hydroxyoctyl, 2-hydroxyoctyl, 9-hydroxynonyl, 10-hydroxydecyl,11-hydroxyundecyl, 12-hydroxydodecyl, 13-hydroxytridecyl,14-hydroxytetradecyl, 15-hydroxypentadecyl, 16-hydroxyhexadecyl,17-hydroxyheptadecyl, 18-hydroxyoctadecyl, 20-hydroxyeicosyl or22-hydroxydocosyl. A preferred definition of R₁₁ is hydroxyl-substitutedC₂-C₁₂alkyl, especially hydroxyl-substituted C₄-C₈alkyl.

R₁₁ as alkyl which is interrupted by —O—, —S—, —N(R₁₄)—, —CO—, —O—CO— or—CO—O— is a corresponding C₂-C₂₅alkyl radical, for example,CH₃—O—CH₂CH₂—, CH₃—NH—CH₂CH₂—, CH₃—N(CH₃)—CH₂CH₂—, CH₃—S—CH₂CH₂—,CH₃—O—CH₂CH₂—O—CH₂CH₂—, CH₃—O—CH₂CH₂—O—CH₂CH₂—,CH₃—(O—CH₂CH₂—)₂O—CH₂CH₂—, CH₃—(O—CH₂CH₂—)₃O—CH₂CH₂—,CH₃—(O—CH₂CH₂—)₄O—CH₂CH₂—, CH₃—(O—CH₂CH₂—)₄O—CH₂CH₂—O(CO)—CH₂CH₂—,CH₃CH₂—(O—CH₂CH₂—)₄O—CH₂CH₂—O (CO)—CH₂CH₂— or CH₃—(CH₂)₁₁—O(CO)—CH₂CH₂—.

R₁₁ as alkyl which is substituted by hydroxyl and is interrupted by —O—,—S—, —N(R₁₄)—, —CO—, —O—CO— or —CO—O— is a corresponding C₂-C₂₅alkylradical, for example, —CH₂—CH(OH)—CH₂—O—CH₃, —CH₂—CH(OH)—CH₂—O—CH₂CH₃,—CH₂—CH(OH)—CH₂—O—CH(CH₃)₂ or—CH₂CH₂—CO—O—CH₂CH₂—O—CO—(CH₂)₅—O—CO—(CH₂)₅—OH.

R₁₁ as alkyl which is substituted by amino-, mercapto- or hydroxyl andis interrupted by —O—, —S—, —N(R₁₄)—, —CO—, —O—CO— or —CO—O— is acorresponding C₂-C₂₅alkyl radical, for example, HO—CH₂CH₂—O—CH₂CH₂—,H₂NCH₂CH₂—NH—CH₂CH₂—, HOCH₂CH₂—NH(CH₃)—CH₂CH₂—, HOCH₂CH₂—S—CH₂CH₂—,H₂NCH₂CH₂—O—CH₂CH₂—O—CH₂CH₂—, HOCH₂CH₂—O—CH₂CH₂—O—CH₂CH₂—,HSCH₂CH₂—(O—CH₂CH₂—)₂O—CH₂CH₂—, H₂NCH₂CH₂—(O—CH₂CH₂—)₃O—CH₂CH₂—,H₂NCH₂CH₂—(O—CH₂CH₂—)₄O—CH₂CH₂—,HSCH₂CH₂—(O—CH₂CH₂—)₄O—CH₂CH₂—O(CO)—CH₂CH₂— orHOCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—(O—CH₂CH₂—)₄O—CH₂CH₂—O(CO)—CH₂CH₂—.

R₁₁ as C₅-C₁₂cycloalkyl is, for example, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, cycloundecyl orcyclododecyl. Preference is given to cyclohexyl.

R₁₁ as C₅-C₁₂cycloalkenyl is, for example, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl,cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclononenyl, cyclodecenyl, cycloundecenylor cyclododecenyl. Preference is given to cyclohexenyl.

R₁₁ as a polymerizable group is, for example,

R₁₁ as a polymer is the polymerization product when a polymerizablegroup, as for example outlined above, is polymerized. In addition, forR₁₁ as a polymer polyorganosiloxanes, like polydimethylsiloxanes, comeinto consideration. Polydimethylsiloxanes of formula

wherein n is a number from 1 to 100, especially 10 to 80, and morepreferably 40 to 70, are preferred.

The polymer R₁₁ may be bound via a bridging group. As to this bridginggroup the definitions and preferences given above for B apply.

R₁₁ is preferably C₁-C₂₅alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted byhydroxyl, and is uninterrupted or interrupted by —O—, —S—, —N(R₁₄),—CO—, —O—CO— or —CO—O—, especially by —N(R₁₄)—, —CO—, —O—CO— or —CO—O—,

or R₁₁ is a polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol or polyacrylategroup, or polysiloxane, which is bound via C₁-C₂₅alkylene, which in turnmay be bound and/or be interrupted by at least one of the radicalsselected from the group consisting of —O—, —S—, —N(R₁₄), —CO—, —O—CO— or—CO—O—, especially by —NH—, —CO—, —O—CO— or —CO—O—.

More preferably R₁₁ is C₁-C₁₂alkyl; C₁-C₁₂alkyl which is substituted byhydroxy; C₁-C₁₂alkyl which is substituted by a polymerizable group, likethose given above; C₂-C₂₅alkyl which is interrupted by —NH—, —CO—,—O—CO— or —CO—O— and which is optionally substituted by hydroxy; or apolyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol or polyacrylate group, or apolysiloxane, which is bound via C₁-C₂₅alkylene, which in turn may bebound and/or be interrupted by at least one of the radicals selectedfrom the group consisting of —NH—, —CO—, —O—CO— or —CO—O—. It ispreferred that the polymer is bound to the alkylene radical via —O—CO—or —CO—O—. As to the alkylene it is preferred that it is bound directlyto the Si atom indicated in formula (7). Furthermore, it is preferredthat the alkylene is interrupted by at least one of —O—, —S—, —NH—,—CO—, —O—CO— or —CO—O—, especially by —NH—, —CO—, —O—CO— or —CO—O—, andmore preferably by —NH—, —O—CO— or —CO—O—.

According to a further embodiment of the present invention thefunctionalized particles can comprise in addition to the radical offormula (1) or in addition to the radicals of formulae (1) and (7),covalently bound to an oxygen atom on the surface, a radical of theformula

whereinR₁₆ and R₁₇ have the meanings given above under formula (1) for R₁ andR₂,R₁₅ is C₁-C₂₅alkyl or C₂-C₂₄alkenyl, each of which is unsubstituted orsubstituted by amino, mercapto, phenyl or hydroxyl and is uninterruptedor interrupted by —O—, —S—, —N(R₁₈)—, —N⁺(R₁₈)₂—, —CO—, —O—CO—, —CO—O—,—N(R₁₈)—CO—, —CO—N(R₁₈)— or phenylene; C₅-C₁₂cycloalkyl;C₅-C₁₂cycloalkenyl; or a polymerizable group or a polymer each of whichmay be bound via a bridge member,

R₁₈ is hydrogen or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₁₂alkyl, and

wherein R₁₅ or R₁₈ additionally comprise a cationic or anionic group asmentioned before, especially by a cationic ammonium or phosphonium groupor an anionic carboxy, sulfato, sulfonato or phosphato group.

The radical of formula (8) may be introduced into the particles in orderto provide the particles with the desired charge. In cases where thereexist already radicals providing the charge, like the radical D, theradical of formula (8) may be introduced in order to adjust the chargeto a desired level.

As to the anionic and cationic groups the definitions and preferencesgiven herein before apply.

As to R₁₆ and R₁₇ the definitions and preferences given herein beforefor R₁ and R₂ apply.

R₁₈ as alkyl radical may be substituted by the cationic or anionicgroups mentioned before under formula (8), especially by a cationicammonium group or an anionic carboxy, sulfato or sulfonato group.Preferably, R₁₈ is hydrogen or C₁-C₁₂alkyl, especially hydrogen orC₁-C₄alkyl. A highly preferred meaning for R₁₈ is hydrogen.

As to R₁₅ the definitions and preferences given herein before for R₁₁apply. It is to be understood that R₁₅ can be substituted by thecationic or anionic groups mentioned above under formula (8). It ispreferred that R₁₅ additionally comprises a cationic ammonium orphosphonium group or an anionic carboxy, sulfato, sulfonato or phosphatogroup.

Preferred anionic groups are carboxy, sulfato or sulfonato, especiallycarboxy or sulfonato.

The functionalized particles according to the present inventionpreferably have a spherical shape.

Preferably, the functionalized particles have a mean particle size of 1to 1000 nm, especially 1 to 600 nm and more preferably 1 to 400 nm. Amean particle size of 1 to 300 nm, especially 1 to 200 nm, is preferred.Very important are particles having a mean particle size of 1 to 100 nm.As a lower limit of the mean particle size 10 nm, especially 20 nm, ispreferred. The particle size may, for example, be determined by electronmicroscopy.

The organic content of the particles according to the present inventionis, for example, 5 to 90 percent by weight, especially 20 to 90 percentby weight, and more preferably 40 to 90 percent by weight, based on thetotal weight of the particle.

Particles are typically silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, a heterogeneousmixture thereof or silicon aluminum oxide as mixed oxides. The siliconaluminum oxide particles according to the present invention can showsilicon contents in between 1 to 99 metal-atom %.

It is preferred that the functionalized particle is a silica (SiO₂) oralumina (Al₂O₃) particle, especially a silica particle.

Unmodified particles, especially such nanoparticles, are commerciallyavailable from different suppliers such as Degussa, Hanse Chemie, NissanChemicals, Clariant, H. C. Starck, Nanoproducts or Nyacol NanoTechnologies as powder or as dispersions. Examples of commerciallyavailable silica nanoparticles are Aerosil® from Degussa, Ludox® fromDuPont, Snowtex® from Nissan Chemical, Levasil® from Bayer, or Sylysia®from Fuji Silysia Chemical. Examples of commercially available Al₂O₃nanoparticles are Nyacol® products from Nyacol Nano Technologies Inc.,or Disperal® products from Sasol. The artisan is aware of differentwell-established processes to access particles in different sizes, withdifferent physical properties and with different compositions such asflame-hydrolysis (Aerosil-Process), plasma-process, arc-process andhot-wall reactor-process for gas-phase or solid-phase reactions orionic-exchange processes and precipitation processes for solution-basedreactions. Reference is made to several references describing thedetailed processes, such as EP-A-1 236 765, U.S. Pat. No. 5,851,507,U.S. Pat. No. 6,719,821, US-A-2004-178530 or U.S. Pat. No. 2,244,325,WO-A-05/026068, EP-A-1 048 617.

The preparation of the functionalized particles comprising on thesurface at least a radical of the formula (1) is preferably carried outby the reaction of corresponding particles (like unfunctionalized silicaor alumina particles) with a compound of the formula (1a)

whereinX is a group like oxygen, sulfur or

R₀ is C₁-C₂₅alkyl,R′₁ is hydrogen,R′₂ and R′₃ independently of each other are hydrogen, C₁-C₂₅alkyl,C₃-C₂₅alkyl which is interrupted by oxygen or sulfur; C₂-C₂₄alkenyl,phenyl, C₇-C₉-phenylalkyl or —OR₁₅,R′₄ is hydrogen, C₁-C₂₅alkyl or C₃-C₂₅alkyl which is interrupted byoxygen or sulfur;R′₅ is hydrogen or C₁-C₂₅alkyl, andn is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8.

The reaction of the compound of formula (1a) with the particles can becarried out in analogy to known processes. The reaction can, forexample, be carried out in an organic medium or preferably a mixture ofwater with an organic medium. As organic medium solvents like alcohols,especially methanol or ethanol, can be used. It is preferred to carryout the reaction at temperatures like 20 to 90° C., especially 40 to 60°C. As to the compounds of formula (1a) it is preferred to use those,wherein at least one of R₀, R′₂ and R′₃ is methoxy or ethoxy, especiallywherein R₀, R′₂ and R′₃ are methoxy or ethoxy. It is highly preferredthat R₀, R′₂ and R′₃ are methoxy. If desired, the products obtained canbe redispersed in a suitable medium, like ethanol, toluene or xylol.

In a further step the reaction product of the particles with thecompound of formula (1a) can easily be derivatized to obtain particlescomprising radicals of the formula (1) by known processes such as forexample esterification, amidation, Michael addition or opening ofepoxides.

In the following some examples of such reactions are given in generalterms:

a) Particles, showing active linkage groups such as —SH or —NH₂ caneasily surface modified with educts bearing for instance ester-, epoxy-,carboxy-, carbonyl-, acrylic-, methacrylic-, alkylhalogenide-,alkylsulfate-, anhydride-, terminal double bond-, nitrile- and forinstance α,β-unsaturated carbonyl-groups. The chemistry of thesesubstances and the molecular organic syntheses (like nucleophilicsubstitutions, nucleophilic additions, Michael additions, ring-openingreactions, radical addition, etc.) are well known and can easily beadapted to the solid phase organic chemistry.b) Particles, showing functional groups on their surfaces, such asester-, epoxy-, carboxy-, carbonyl, acrylic-, methacrylic-,alkylhalogenide-, alkylsulfate-, anhydride-, terminal double bond-,nitrile- and for instance α,β-unsaturated carbonyl-groups can easilyfurther reacted with educts bearing —SH, —RNH(R=organic group) or —NH₂groups with the chemical reactions mentioned above under a).c) Educts showing —OH, —RNH(R=organic group) or —NH₂ groups can beactivated by using acryloylchlorid under basic conditions to generateeduct-acrylates (acylation), that can easily be reacted with theparticles bearing —SH or —NH₂ groups by using a Michael addition. Othersyntheses that are leading to functional groups mentioned in a) and b)are well known.d) Educts can be functionalized by using reactive alkoxysilanes showingfunctional groups and mechanisms as mentioned in a), b) or c) and thenbeing grafted onto the particle surface using a state of the artsilanisation reaction.

According to an alternative process for the preparation offunctionalized particles comprising radicals of formula (1)corresponding unfunctionalized particles, like commercially availablesilica or Al₂O₃ particles, can be reacted with a compound of the formula(1b)

wherein R₀, R′₂ and R′₃ are as defined above under formula (1a) and n, Band D are as defined above under formula (1). By this route theparticles comprising a radical of formula (1) can be obtained directly,without further derivatization. The reaction conditions can be chosen asgiven above for the reaction of the unfunctionalized particles with thecompound of formula (1a). The reaction can, for example, be carried outin analogy to the preparation process described in WO-A-03/002652.

The radicals of formulae (7) and (8) can be introduced in analogy to theabove preparation processes. These reactions can be carried outsimultaneously with the introduction of the radical of formula (1), orstepwise.

As to the preparation methods outlined above it is to be noted that theunfunctionalized particles (like silica or alumina particles) compriseon the surface free hydroxyl groups.

These groups are reacted in order to obtain functionalized particlesused according to present invention, which can also be described by thefollowing formula

wherein Z is a radical of formula (1) and the vertical line correspondsto the particle surface. In addition, the radicals of formulae (7)and/or (8) may be attached to a hydroxyl group in the same manner asgiven above for Z.

A further object of the present invention are novel functionalized SiO₂,Al₂O₃ or mixed SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ particles comprising, covalently bound toan oxygen atom on the surface, a radical of formula

whereinR₁ and R₂ are independently of each other hydrogen, particle surface-O—,or a substituent,n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8,B is the direct bond or a bridge member, andD is a radical of an uncharged monoazo, disazo, polyazo, anthraquinone,formazan, dioxazine or metal complex dye, with the proviso, thatphthalocyanine dyes are excluded. As to the functionalized particles thedefinitions and preferences given herein before apply.

Another object of the present invention are electrophoretic dispersionscomprising a liquid dispersion medium and a functionalized particlecomprising a radical of formula (1). As to the functionalized particlesthe definitions and preferences given herein before apply.

For such electrophoretic dispersions it is of importance that nosettlement of the particles takes place. Therefore, it is preferred thatthe functionalized particles comprise, in addition to the radical offormula (1), a radical of formula (7), which can be used tocompatibilize the particle with the dispersion medium. Therefore, insuch cases it is possible to prepare a dispersion without the use ofseparate dispersants or surfactants.

As liquid dispersion media high-insulation organic solvents arepreferred. These solvents include aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene,xylenes, and alkylbenzenes; aliphatic hydrocarbons such as pentane,hexane, octane, decane or dodecane; alicyclic hydrocarbons such ascyclohexane and methyl cyclohexane; halogenated hydrocarbons such asmethylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and1,2-dichloroethane; mineral oil such as silicon oil and fluorocarbonoil; vegetable oil such as olive oil; and long-chain fatty acid esters.These solvents may be used alone or in combination. Aliphatichydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons are preferred.

The liquid dispersion media may comprise the functionalized particlesaccording to the present invention in an amount of 0.01 to 25% byweight, especially 0.1 to 10% by weight.

Furthermore, the present invention is directed to the use of thefunctionalized particles according to the present invention forelectrophoretic displays, preferably for electronic paper. As to thefunctionalized particles the definitions and preferences given aboveapply.

A further object of the present invention are electrophoretic displays,especially electronic paper, comprising as electrophoretic displayingparticles functionalized particles according to the present invention.As to the functionalized particles the definitions and preferences givenabove apply.

Electrophoretic display systems including electrophoretic devices areknown (see for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,914,806, US-A-2004/0094422,WO-A-02/079869). The electrophoretic display systems usually comprise aplurality of such electrophoretic devices.

The electrophoretic display system includes the electrophoretic deviceseach including a pair of substrates and an electrophoretic dispersionplaced between the substrates, wherein at least one of the substratescomprises a transparent material, the substrates have a predetermineddistance therebetween, and the electrophoretic dispersion contains atleast a liquid dispersion medium and electrophoretic particles having asurface charge. When a voltage is applied between the substrates, theelectrophoretic particles electrophoretically migrate depending on thesurface charge and the direction of the electric field, thereby changingthe distribution of the electrophoretic particles. Therefore, the colourof the electrophoretic device is changed when viewed from thetransparent substrate side. Namely, when the charged particles move toone of the substrates, which serves as a display surface, the colorpossessed by the charged particles is recognized. Thus, a desired imagecan be displayed by controlling the voltage being applied.

It is preferred that some display devices contain red particles, somedisplay devices contain green particles and some display devices containblue particles. According to another embodiment it is preferred thatsome display devices contain cyan particles, some display devicescontain magenta particles and some display devices contain yellowparticles. By addressing the display devices individually, a display canbe caused to give an appearance corresponding to a selected colour at aselected brightness level.

Interesting types of electrophoretic displays are the so-calledmicrocell electrophoretic displays. In microcell electrophoreticdisplays the particle containing dispersion medium is retained in aplurality of cavities formed within a carrier medium (see for exampleWO-A-2/01281).

A preferred electrophoretic display is electronic paper. This istypically a sheet-like display comprising a sheet-like display functionlayer.

The following Examples illustrate the invention in more detail. Parts orpercentages are by weight.

EXAMPLE 1 a) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (101)

The compound of formula (101) is obtained from known1-fluoro-anthraquinone (D. J. Milner Synth. Commun. 1992, 22(1), 72) in95% yield. 7.5 g of 1-fluoro-anthraquinone, 4.5 g of commercialpotassium carbonate and 25 ml of allylamine are stirred in 150 ml ofdioxane at 40° C. for 24 hours until all of the starting fluoride isconsumed. The reaction mixture is filtered and the dioxane removed byevaporation. The resulting residue is taken up in ethyl acetate and thenwashed successively with 0.1N hydrogen chloride to remove excessallylamine, saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and brine.Evaporation of the solvent leaves 8.3 g of the red compound of formula(101).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 3.77 (m, 2H); 5.09 (dq, 1H); 5.18 dq, 1H);5.75-5.88 (m, 1H); 6.76 (dd, 1H); 7.26 (dd, 1H); 7.34 (dd, 1H);7.46-7.56 (m, 2H); 8.02 (ddd, 2H); 9.58 (broad t, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 45.47; 113.30; 115.96; 116.81; 118.16; 126.74;126.79; 132.97; 133.08; 133.97; 133.92; 134.62; 134.99; 135.18; 151.47;183.50; 184.89.

b) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (102)

The compound of formula (101) is hydrosilylated with commercialtrimethoxysilane in the presence of Speier's catalyst—hexachloroplatinic acid (Riedel-de-Haen)—(J. W. Ryan et al. J. Org Chem 1966, 31,2698) to give the compound of formula (102). Under an atmosphere of dryargon 6.0 g of the compound of formula (101), 3.9 ml of trimethoxysilane (FLUKA) and a catalytic amount of 0.5 ml of a 1% (w/v) solutionof hexachloro platinic acid in tetrahydrofuran (THF) are dissolved in150 ml dry toluene and heated to about 70° C. for 24 hours until thestarting material is consumed. Evaporation of the solvent leaves thedesired red compound of formula (102) (8.7 g).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 0.75 (dd, 2H); 1.80 (quint., 2H); 3.27 (q, 2H);3.52 (s, 9H); 6.97 (dd, 1H); 7.42 (dd, 1H); 7.47 (dd, 1H); 7.56-7.75 (m,2H); 8.16 (ddd, 2H); 9.69 (broad t, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 7.06; 22.93; 45.68; 50.93; 113.09; 115.77;118.09; 126.83; 126.87; 133.14 (2×C); 134.05 (2×C); 135.40 (2×C);151.98; 184.00; 184.59.

EXAMPLE 2 a) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (103)

The compound of formula (103) is obtained in analogy to Example 1a) from1.50 g of 1-fluoro-anthraquinone and 1.00 ml of ethanolamine. The yieldis 1.30 g of the red compound of formula (103).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 1.65 (s, broad, 2H); 3.47 (t, 2H); 3.90 (t,2H); 7.01 (dd, 1H); 7.43 (dd, 1H); 7.50 (dd, 1H); 7.57-7.68 (m, 2H);8.14 (m, 2H); 9.56 (broad t, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (S(O)(CD₃)₂, 75 MHz): 39.39; 60.11; 112.57; 115.51; 119.14;126.70; 126.88; 132.82; 133.80; 134.36; 134.87; 134.90; 135.92; 151.92;183.26; 184.13.

b) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (104)

The compound of formula (104) is obtained in analogy to Example 5b) from0.25 g of the compound of formula (103) and 1.00 ml acrylic acid methylester. The yield of the red compound of formula (104) is 0.24 g.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 3.49 (dt, 2H, 4.31 (t, 2H); 5.76 (dd, 1H); 6.05(dd, 1H); 6.35 (dd, 1H); 6.90 (dd, 1H); 7.33 (dd, 1H); 7.39 (dd, 1H);7.54 (m, 2H); 8.04 (m, 2H); 9.67 (broad t, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 41.85; 62.90; 113.59; 116.19; 117.57; 126.75;126.84; 128.19; 131.63; 133.04; 133.09; 133.96; 134.75; 134.91; 135.37;151.37; 166.06; 183.42; 185.00.

EXAMPLE 3 Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (105)

The compound of formula (105) is obtained in analogy to Example 2b),using methacrylic acid methylester.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 1.90 (s, 3H); 3.62 (dt, 2H); 4.36 (t, 2H); 5.52(t, 1H); 6.11 (s, 1H); 7.06 (dd, 1H); 7.50 (m, 2H); 7.65 (m, 2H); 8.17(m, 2H); 9.83 (broad t, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 17.24; 40.43; 61.67; 112.32; 114.85; 116.29;124.99; 125.43; 125.49; 131.72; 132.61; 132.65; 133.50; 133.63; 134.04;134.67; 136.55; 150.14; 165.91; 182.22; 183.79.

EXAMPLE 4 Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (106)

The compound of formula (106) is obtained in analogy to Example 2b).

¹H-NMR(C₆D₆, 300 MHz): 2.79 (dt, 2H); 3.92 (t, 2H); 4.81 (d, 1H); 5.29(dd, 1H); 6.15 (dd, 1H); 6.32 (dd, 1H); 6.78-6.88 (m, 5H); 7.47 (dd,1H); 7.87 (m, 2H); 7.96 (m, 2H); 9.78 (broad t, 1H).

¹³C-NMR(CCl₂D₂, 75 MHz): 42.11; 63.48; 113.87; 116.14; 116.77; 117.93;126.45; 126.79; 126.96; 127.73; 128.05; 128.37; 129.36; 130.27; 133.25;133.31; 134.12; 135.20; 135.53; 136.22; 142.46; 151.77; 166.27; 183.59;185.27.

EXAMPLE 5 a) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (107)

A mixture of 6.0 g of 1-fluoro-anthraquinone, 3.4 g hexanolamine (FLUKA)and 4.0 g potassium carbonate are heated with stirring to 95° C. for 25hours until the starting fluoride is consumed. The reaction mixture isthen filtered and the dioxane evaporated. The red residue is taken up inethyl acetate and extracted successively with 1 N hydrogen chloride (3times), saturated sodium hydrogen chloride solution and brine.Evaporation of the solvent leaves a red residue which is purified over ashort silica gel column (230-400 mesh, FLUKA) and eluent (hexane-ethylacetate 10:2 (v/v)) to give 6.3 g of the desired red compound of formula(107).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 1.40-1.81 (m, 8H); 3.26 (ddd, 2H); 3.66 (t,2H); 6.98 (dd, 1H); 7.45 (ddd, 1H); 7.50 (dd, 1H); 7.62-773 (m, 2H);8.15-8.22 (m, 2H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 25.85; 27.29; 29.34; 32.79; 43.06; 62.70;112.94; 115.76; 118.11; 126.78; 126.83; 133.05; 133.13; 134.13; 134.74;135.18; 135.45; 151.78; 184.06; 184.99.

b) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (108)

The compound of formula (107) is esterified in the presence of thebiocatalyst NOVO 435 (Novozymes, Denmark). At 50° C. and a vacuum atabout 450 mbar 10.0 g of the compound of formula (107), 22.2 ml ofacrylic acid methyl ester and 5.0 g of the biocatalyst are reacted in 75ml toluene for 24 hours until all of the starting compound of formula(107) is consumed. The mixture is then filtered, washed withdichloromethane and the solvent evaporated. After vacuum drying 11.5 gof the desired red acrylic ester of formula (108) are obtained.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 1.35-1.77 (m, 8H); 3.25 (dt, 2H); 4.10 (t, 2H);5.73 (dd, 1H); 6.04 (dd, 1H); 6.28 (dd, 1H); 6.96 (dd, 1H); 7.44 (dd,1H); 7.50 (dd, 1H); 7.60 dt, 1H); 7.66 (dt, 1H); 8.14 (m, 2H); 9.64(broad, t, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 26.15; 27.23; 28.93; 29.40; 43.19; 64.77;113.11; 115.77; 117.98; 126.83; 126.88; 128.78; 130.67; 133.04; 133.22;134.06; 134.87; 135.22; 135.43; 151.90; 166.40; 183.87; 185.04.

EXAMPLE 6 Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (109)

In analogy to Example 5b), 10.5 g of the ester of formula (109) areobtained from 10.0 g of the alcohol of formula (107) and 8.0 g ofbiocatalyst in 60 ml of toluene.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 1.36-1.68 (m, 8H); 1.87 (dd, 3H); 3.8 (m, 2H);4.08 (t, 2H); 5.45 (m, 1H); 6.01 (m, 1H); 6.76 (dd, 1H); 7.23 (ddd, 1H);7.35 (ddd, 1H); 7.48-7.60 (m, 2H); 8.02 (m, 2H); 9.44 broad t, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 18.65; 26.14; 27.16; 28.89; 29.90; 40.05;64.79; 112.95; 115.47; 117.70; 125.31; 126.56; 126.65; 132.77; 132.99;133.78; 134.50; 134.97; 135.09; 136.59; 151.51; 167.38; 183.31; 184.49.

EXAMPLE 7 Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (110)

The compound of formula (110) is obtained in analogy to Example 5b).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 1.20-165 (m, 8H); 3.17 (q, 2H); 4.23 (t, 2H);2.26 (dd, 1H); 5.73 (dd, 1H); 6.59 (dd, 1H); 6.87 (dd, 1H); 7.28-7.44(m, 4H); 7.50-7.62 (m, 2H); 7.84 (m, 2H); 8.09 (m, 2H); 9.56 (broad t,1H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 24.78; 25.76; 27.57; 27.91; 41.68; 63.67;111.55; 114.22; 115.15; 116.45; 124.80 (2×C); 125.33 (2×C); 128.27;128.54 (2×C); 131.48; 131.70; 132.51; 133.27; 133.68; 133.86; 134.71;140.55; 150.32; 165.00; 182.24; 183.40.

EXAMPLE 8 a) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (111)

A mixture of 6.75 g N-Boc-1,6-diaminohexane (ALFA AESAR), 3.60 gpotassium carbonate and 5.80 g of 1-fluoro-anthraquinone are stirred in70 ml of dioxane at 75° C. for 23 hours until the starting1-fluoro-anthraquinone is consumed. The reaction mixture is thenfiltered and the residue taken up in ethyl acetate and successivelywashed with 1 N hydrogen chloride (3 times), saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate solution and brine. Evaporation of the solvent leaves 10.2 gof the red compound of formula (111).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 1.30-1.52 (m, 15H); 1.66-1.74 (m, 2H); 3.06(broad q, 2H); 3.25 (dq, 2H); 4.45 (broad s, 1H); 6.97 (dd, 1H); 7.44(dd, 1H); 7.50 (dd, 1H); 7.61 (dt, 1H); 7.67 (dd, 1H); 8.14 (m, 2H);9.64 (broad t, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 26.89; 27.23; 28.80; 29.39; 30.40; 40.08;43.20; 79.78; 111.84; 115.77; 118.03; 126.85; 126.88; 133.04; 133.13;134.07; 134.84; 135.18; 135.45; 151.08; 184.00; 184.59.

b) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (112)

At room temperature 10.2 g of the Boc-protected compound of formula(111) are dissolved in 50 ml of dioxane. To this mixture is then added asolution of 50 ml 4 N hydrogen chloride in dioxane in small portionswith vigorous stirring until the starting compound of formula (111) isconsumed. The compound of formula (112), as its hydrogen chloride salt,is filtered off and successively washed with dioxane, hexane anddichloromethane and finally dried on high vacuum to give 8.4 g of a redpowder.

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD, 300 MHz): 1.26-1.85 (m, 6H); 2.94 (t, 2H); 3.24 (dt, 2H);6.96 (dd, 1H); 7.43 (dd, 1H); 7.49 (dd, 1H); 7.60 (dt, 1H); 7.67 (dd,1H); 8.16 (m, 2H); 9.64 (broad t, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (CD₃OD, 75 MHz): 27.03; 27.45; 29.48; 34.08; 42.51; 43.27;113.09; 115.74; 118.03; 126.83; 126.88; 133.03; 133.24; 134.07; 134.89;135.24; 135.43; 151.95; 183.91; 184.05.

c) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (113)

The compound of formula (112) (6.50 g) is completely dissolved togetherwith 10.1 ml triethyl amine in 120 ml of dry dichloromethane at roomtemperature (about one hour) and then cooled down to −40° C. to −50° C.At this temperature 1.80 ml of acrylic acid chloride dissolved in 50 mlof dichloromethane are added within 45 minutes. Additionaldichloromethane (100 ml) are added to the reaction mixture. The organicphase is then successively extracted with 1 N hydrogen chloride (3times), a solution of saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate and brine. Theorganic phase is dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and evaporated togive 6.7 g of the desired acryl amide of formula (113).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 1.20-1.58 (m, 6H); 1.64-1.74 (m, 2H); 3.19-3.32(m, 4H); 5.54 (dd, 1H); 5.71 (broad, s, 1H); 6.02 (dd, 1H); 6.18 (dd,1H); 6.94 (dd, 1H); 7.42 (dd, 1H); 7.47 (dd, 1H); 7.56-7.68 (m, 2H);8.14 (m, 2H); 9.61 (broad t, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 27.01; 27.18; 29.29; 29.82; 39.81; 43.11;112.95; 115.72; 117.99; 126.24; 126.76; 126.80; 131.25; 133.01; 133.12;134.03; 134.71; 135.12; 135.38; M 151.80; 165.77; 183.77; 184.90.

EXAMPLE 9 Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (114)

In analogy to Example 8c) 5.20 g of the amine of formula (112) areconverted to 1.7 g of amide of formula (114) with 2.10 ml of methacrylicacid chloride. The compound of formula (114) is purified over a shortsilica gel (230-400 mesh, FLUKA) column with hexane-ethyl acetate 1:1(v/v).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 1.20-1.83 (m, 8H); 1.96 (dd, 3H); 3.33 (dt,2H); 5.29 (quint., 1H); 5.65 (quint., 1H); 5.85 (broad, 1H); 7.05 (dd,1H); 7.52 (dd, 1H); 7.47 (dd, 1H); 7.57 (dd, 1H); 7.63 (dd, 1H); 7.74(dd, 1H); 8.24 (m, 2H); 9.71 (broad t, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 19.09; 27.03; 27.21; 29.34; 29.91; 39.91;43.17; 113.10; 115.78; 118.03; 119.25; 126.83; 126.88; 133.06; 133.22;134.07; 134.85; 135.22; 135.46; 140.48; 151.91; 168.55; 183.88; 185.07.

EXAMPLE 10 a) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (115)

The compound of formula (115) is obtained from 1-N-methyl-4-bromoanthraquinone which is synthesized according K. S. Chamberlain, Synth.Commun. 1995, 25, 2731. 20.0 g of 1-N-methyl-4-bromo anthraquinone, 50.0ml of allylamine (FLUKA), which has been freshly distilled overpotassium hydroxide, 16.8 g of potassium carbonate and 0.5 g of copperpowder are given into 50 ml of dioxane and warmed to 55° C. undervigorous stirring. After 26 hours the reaction mixture is cooled downand filtered. The organic phase is diluted with dichloromethane andsuccessively extracted with 1 N hydrogen chloride, a solution ofsaturated sodium hydrogen carbonate and brine. Evaporation of thesolvents leaves 16.6 g of the desired allyl compound of formula (115).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 3.02 (d, 3H); 3.97 (m, 2H); 5.14 (ddd; 1H);5.23 (ddd, 1H); 5.91 (ddd, 1H); 7.09 (s, 2H); 7.59 (m, 2H); 8.23 (m,2H); 10.45 (broad 1H); 10.68 (broad t, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 29.72; 45.36; 110.03; 110.25; 116.64; 122.81;123.71; 126.13; 126.17; 132.02; 132.10; 134.54; 134.62; 135.25; 145.79;146.95; 182.22; 182.56.

b) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (116)

The compound of formula (115) (6.0 g) is hydrosilylated in analogy toExample 1b) to yield 8.3 g of the silyl compound of formula (116).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 0.75 (dd, 2H); 1.79 (quint. 2H); 3.00 (d, 3H);3.31 (dt, 2H); 3.51 (s 9H); 7.10 (d, 1H); 7.15 (d, 1H); 7.58 (m, 2H);8.23 (m, 2H); 10.51 (broad q, 1H); 10.68 (broad t, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 7.06; 23.52; 29.78; 45.60; 50.92; 109.88;110.07; 123.08; 123.66; 126.13 (2×C); 132.01 (2×C); 134.63; 134.68;146.17; 146.95; 182.25 (2×C).

EXAMPLE 11 a) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (117)

1-N-methyl-4-bromo anthraquinone (5.0 g), 2.0 ml of ethanolamine(FLUKA), 0.1 g of copper powder and 1.8 g of sodium acetate are giveninto 15 ml of toluene and heated to 80° C. with vigorous stirring. After3 hours the mixture is applied to a silica gel (230-400 mesh, FLUKA)column and eluted with dichloromethane-methanol 10:1 (v/v) to give 1.7 gof the desired alcohol of formula (117).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 3.01 (s, 3H); 3.52 (t, 2H); 3.88 (t, 2H); 7.08(d, 1H); 7.18 (d, 1H); 7.57 (m, 2v H); 8.22 (m, 2H); 10.48 (broad, 1H);10.74 (broad, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (S(O)(CD₃)₂, 75 MHz): 30.00; 45.53; 60.71; 109.06; 109.11;124.54; 125.25; 126.22; 126.26; 132.73 (2×C); 134.47; 134.51; 146.62;147.28; 181.06 (2×C).

b) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (118)

In analogy to Example 5b), 0.25 g of the compound of formula (117) areesterified with 1.00 ml methacrylic acid methylester and 0.5 gbiocatalyst in 5 ml toluene at 60° C. to give 0.25 g of the blue esterof formula (118) after a silica gel column (230-400 mesh, FLUKA) witheluent ethyl acetate.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 1.96 (dd, 3H); 2.89 (d, 3H); 3.53 (dt, 2H);4.32 (t, 2H); 5.55 (dq, 1H); 6.14 (dq, 1H); 6.90 (d, 1H); 7.00 (d, 1H);7.75 (m, 2H); 8.18 (m, 2H); 10.32 (broad q, 1H); 10.61 (broad t, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 18.69; 29.66; 41.63; 63.45; 110.06; 110.54;122.75; 122.99; 126.07; 126.15; 126.40; 131.96; 132.11; 134.42; 134.56;136.10; 145.37; 146.85; 167.33; 182.15; 182.61.

EXAMPLE 12 a) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (119)

In analogy to Example 11a) 1.0 g of 1-N-methyl-4-bromo anthraquinone,1.0 g of 6-aminohexanol (FLUKA), 0.6 g of potassium carbonate and 0.2 gof copper powder are heated to 100° C. in 5 ml of toluene for 26 hours.The reaction mixture is filtered, washed with acetone and the residuedissolved in dichloromethane. The blue solution is applied to a silicagel (230-400 mesh, FLUKA) and eluted with dichloromethane-methanol 10:2(v/v) to give 0.5 g of the desired blue alcohol of formula (119).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 1.32-1.61 (m, 6H); 1.69 (quint., 2H); 2.99 (d,3H); 3.29 (q, 2H); 3.58 (t, 2H); 7.10 (dd, 2H); 7.60 (dd, 2H); 8.21 (dd,2H); 10.51 (broad, 1H); 10.64 (broad t, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 25.86; 27.27; 29.83; 29.88; 32.95; 43.11;63.04; 109.90; 110.09 123.24; 123.69; 126.17 (2×C); 132.10 (2×C);134.03; 134.68; 146.34; 147.03; 182.35 (2×C).

b) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (120)

In analogy to Example 5b) 5.0 g of the alcohol of formula (119) areconverted to the ester of formula (120) in the presence of 4.0 g ofbiocatalyst. The ester of formula (120) is obtained in 5.8 g afterfiltration from the catalyst and washing the biocatalyst withdichloromethane.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 1.35-1.76 (m, 8H); 3.02 (d, 3H); 3.32 (dt, 2H);4.09 (t, 2H); 5.74 (dd, 1H); 6.04 (dd, 1H); 6.28 (dd, 1H); 7.15 (s, 2H);7.61 (m, 2H); 8.23 (m, 2H); 10.53 (broad q, 1H); 10.66 (broad t, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 26.15; 27.21; 28.91; 29.76; 29.90; 43.08;64.77; 109.84; 110.99; 123.09; 123.55; 126.14 (2×C); 128.77; 130.66;132.01; 132.03; 134.63; 134.67; 146.17; 146.93; 166.39; 182.22 (2×C).

EXAMPLE 13 Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (121)

In analogy to Example 5b), 1.7 g of the alcohol of formula (119) areconverted to the ester of formula (121) in the presence of 2.5 g ofbiocatalyst. The ester of formula (121) is obtained in 1.8 g afterfiltration from the catalyst and washing the biocatalyst withdichloromethane and a final purification over a silica gel (230-400mesh, FLUKA) column (eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate 10:3 (v/v)).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 1.37-1.52 (m, 4H); 1.60-1.77 (m, 4H); 1.87 (dd,3H); 3.02 (s, 3H); 3.32 (dt, 2H); 4.08 (t, 2H); 5.45 (quint., 1H); 6.00quint., 1H); 7.15 (m, 2H); 7.61 (m, 2H); 8.23 (m, 2H); 10.50 (broad,1H); 10.70 (broad, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 18.69; 26.19; 27.21; 28.91; 29.75; 29.90;43.08; 64.88; 109.83; 110.04; 123.05; 123.50; 125.38; 126.12 (2×C);128.80; 131.99; 134.62; 134.66; 136.65; 146.14; 146.90; 167.57; 182.20(2×C).

EXAMPLE 14 a) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (122)

1-N-methyl-4-bromo anthraquinone (11.0 g), 4.8 g potassium carbonate,0.5 g copper powder and 8.3 g N-Boc-1,6-diaminohexane (ALFA AESAR) aregiven into 70 ml toluene and heated to 75° C. with vigorous stirring.After 2.5 days another crop of 0.8 g protected diamine is added. After3.5 days a further batch of 1.0 g protected diamine is added andstirring continued for further 24 hours. The mixture is filtered and theorganic phase washed successively with 2N hydrogen chloride (2 times), asolution of saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate and brine. Evaporationof the solvent leaves 11.5 g of the protected amine of formula (122)which is processed without further purification.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 1.37-1.57 (m, 15H); 1.72-1.81 (m, 2H);3.06-3.16 (m, 5H); 3.37 (dt, 2H); 4.60 (broad s, 1H); 7.20 (s, 2H);7.64-7.69 (m, 2H); 8.32 (m, 2H); 10.60 (broad q, 1H); 10.72 (broad t,1H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 26.88; 27.19; 28.81; 29.85; 29.90; 40.11;43.12; 79.78; 109.96; 110.14; 123.24; 123.70; 126.20 (2×C); 132.12(2×C); 134.68 (2×C); 146.31; 147.04; 153.08; 182.44 (2×C).

b) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (123)

At room temperature 2.2 g of the Boc-protected compound of formula (122)are dissolved in 5 ml of dioxane. To this mixture is then added asolution of 10 ml 4 N hydrogen chloride in dioxane in small portionswith vigorous stirring until the starting compound of formula (122) isconsumed. The mixture is then evaporated and the resulting residuedissolved in water. The water phase is extracted with dichloromethane,then brought to pH=10 with a solution of 4 N sodium hydroxide, againextracted with dichloromethane and the organic phase dried with sodiumsulphate to recover the desired blue amine. Evaporation of the solventleaves 1.3 g of the compound of formula (123).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 1.31-1.52 (m, 4H); 1.68-1.77 (m, 2H); 2.68(broad t, 2H); 3.02 (d, 3H); 3.30 (dq, 2H); 7.08 (d, 2H); 7.60-7.65 (m,2H); 8.27 (m, 2H); 10.53 (broad q, 1H); 10.65 (broad t, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 27.03; 27.44; 29.78; 29.98; 34.07; 42.49;43.16; 109.82; 110.04; 123.08; 123.60; 126.12; 131.95; 132.02; 134.63;134.68; 146.22; 146.92; 153.08; 182.20; 182.24.

c) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (124)

The compound of formula (123) (3.20 g) is dissolved together with 2.8 mltriethyl amine in 45 ml of dry dichloromethane at room temperature andthen cooled down to −40° C. to −50° C. At this temperature 0.88 ml ofacrylic acid chloride dissolved in 5 ml of dichloromethane are droppedinto that mixture. After consumption of the all the starting amine offormula (123) the organic phase is successively extracted with 1 Nhydrogen chloride (3 times), a solution of saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate and brine. Evaporation of the organic phase leaves a blueresidue which is purified over a silica gel (230-400 mesh, FLUKA) columnwith eluent dichloromethane-methanol 8:2 (v/v) to yield 1.7 g of theamide of formula (124).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 1.33-1.58 (m, 4H); 1.65-1.75 (m, 2H); 3.03 (s,3H); 3.24-3.37 (m, 4H); 5.54 (dd, 1H); 5.60 (broad s, 1H); 6.00 (dd,1H); 6.18 (dd, 1H); 7.17 (d, 2H); 7.58 (m, 2H); 8.23 (m, 2H); 10.56(broad q, 1H); 10.68 (broad t, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 26.94; 27.84; 29.72; 29.75; 29.84; 39.75;42.93; 109.57; 109.75; 123.13; 123.51; 126.00; 126.08 (2×C); 128.97;131.30; 131.93 (2×C); 134.54; 146.19; 146.91; 165.91; 182.32; 182.37.

EXAMPLE 15 Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (125)

In analogy to Example 8c), 3.50 g of the amine of formula (123) areconverted to the amide of formula (125) with 1.7 ml of methacrylic acidchloride and 5.5 ml triethyl amine. After warming up to room temperaturethe organic phase is successively extracted with 1 N hydrogen chloride(3 times), a solution of saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate and brine.The organic phase is dried over sodium sulphate and evaporated to give ablue residue which is purified over a silica gel (230-400 mesh, FLUKA)column with eluent ethyl acetate to yield 2.3 g of the blue amide offormula (125).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 1.36-1.62 (m, 6H); 1.71 (quint., 2H); 1.94 (dd,3H); 3.02 (d, 3H); 3.29 (m, 4H); 5.26 (broad q, 1H); 5.64 (broad q, 1H);6.01 (broad t, 1H); 7.08 (s, 2H); 7.64 (m, 2H); 8.26 (m, 2H); 10.54(broad q, 1H); 10.65 (broad t, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 19.09; 26.99; 27.1; 29.73; 29.77; 29.81; 39.89;43.00; 109.72; 109.91; 119.28; 123.10; 123.54; 126.06; 126.10; 131.96(2×C); 134.60; 134.61; 140.42; 146.17; 146.91; 168.62; 182.05 (2×C).

EXAMPLE 16 Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (126)

The compound of formula (126) is obtained by acylation of thecorresponding precursor alcohol (2.5 g) (see WO-A-02/088289) with 14 mlmethacrylic acid methyl ester in 70 ml of toluene and 3.5 g of thebiocatalyst NOVO 435 (Novozymes, Denmark) at 60° C. and 450 mbar for 24hours. The solids are filtered off and washed with toluene. The organicphase is then evaporated and the residue taken up in iso-propanol.Dichloromethane is added to obtain a clear solution and 20.0 g of abasic ion exchange resin (Ambersep 900 OH (FLUKA))) are added. Afterstirring for 30 minutes at room temperature the resin is filtered offand the organic phase is evaporated to give 3.0 g of the ester offormula (126).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 1.96 (dd, 3H); 3.24 (s, 2H); 3.91 (t, 2H); 4.43(t, 3H); 5.46 (dq, 1H); 6.06 (dq, 1H); 7.28 (dd, 1H); 7.31 (dd, 1H);7.82 (m, 4H); 8.63 (dt, 2H); 8.67 (ddd, 2H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 18.57; 38.77; 50.42; 62.46; 104.22; 121.72;123.67; 126.23; 136.01; 136.97; 148.83; 155.55; 155.80; 156.99; 167.48.

EXAMPLE 17 Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (127)

An isomeric mixture of 7.0 g of the compound of formula (128) [seeWO-A-02/083796]

is dissolved in 70 ml of dichloromethane at 0° C. and treated with 1.0ml acrylic acid chloride, 2.3 ml di-iso-propyl, ethyl amine (FLUKA) and50 mg of dimethylaminopyridine (FLUKA). The mixture is stirred andwarmed up to room temperature over 24 hours. The reaction mixture isdiluted with dichloromethane and successively extracted with 1 Nhydrogen chloride, a solution of saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate andbrine. The solvent is evaporated and the green residue purified over asilica gel (230-400 mesh, FLUKA) column with eluent ethyl acetate—hexane2:10 (v/v) to yield 4.5 g of the compound of formula (127).

IR: 2959; 2925; 2872; 1740 (C═O); 1586 (C═N); 1499 (C═C); 1256; 1177;1088; 799; 745.

EXAMPLE 18 3-Aminopropylsilane Modified Alumina Nanoparticles

150 g of alumina nanoparticles (Nyacol Corp., Nyacol A120 DW, 22%nanoalumina dispersion in water) is mixed with 250 ml ethanol (EtOH). 27g 3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (Fluka purum) is added dropwise to thishomogeneous mixture. After the addition, the mixture is heated to 50° C.for 15 hours. The volume of this mixture is then reduced to about 1liter by evaporating EtOH/H₂O in the rotary evaporator. The obtainedsolid is redispersed in EtOH to a 11.4 weight-% opaque dispersion.

Analytics:

Thermographimetric analysis (TGA; heating rate: 10° C./min from 50° C.to 800° C.): Weight loss: 27.9 wt. % corresponding to the organicmaterial.

Elemental analysis: found: N, 4.16 wt. %: corresponding to an organiccontent of 17.3 wt. %. The difference between TGA and EA results is dueto the loss of water out of the inorganic matrix and water generatedfrom condensation processes on the surface during thermal treatment.

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): An average diameter of 50 to 60nm is obtained for the individual primary nanoparticles.

Dynamic light scattering (DLS): Average diameter d=164 nm.

EXAMPLE 19 3-Aminopropylsilane Modified Silica Nanoparticles

510 g of Ludox TMA (Helm AG, 34% nanosilica dispersion in water) ismixed with 2490 g ethanol. 345 g 3-Aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane (Flukapurum) is added dropwise to this homogeneous mixture. After theaddition, the mixture is heated to 50° C. for 18 hours. The volume ofthis mixture is then reduced to about 1 liter by evaporating EtOH/H₂O inthe rotary evaporator. A total of 4 liter hexane is added, the mixtureshaken vigorously and the 2 phases separated in a separation funnel toremove unreacted aminosilane. The aqueous/ethanolic lower phase isconcentrated to a wet paste in the rotary evaporator in vacuo and thenresuspended in 1 liter EtOH. A total of 1199 g solution is obtained witha solid content of 27.3 wt. %.

Analytics:

Thermographimetric analysis (TGA; heating rate: 10° C./min from 50° C.to 600° C.): Weight loss: 25.2% corresponding to the organic material.

Elemental analysis: found: C, 17.68%, H, 4.65%, N, 6.73%: correspondingto an organic content of 28.1% in relatively good agreement to the TGAvalue.

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): An average diameter of 35-40 nmis obtained for the individual nanoparticles.

Dynamic light scattering (DLS): Average diameter d=90-110 nm.

EXAMPLE 20 3-Mercaptopropyl Silane Modified Silica Nanoparticles

510 g of Ludox TMA (Helm AG, 34% nanosilica dispersion in water) ismixed with 2490 g ethanol. 188 g 3-mercaptopropylmethyldimethoxysilane(ABCR Gelest) is added dropwise to this homogeneous mixture. After theaddition, the mixture is heated to 50° C. for 18 hours. The volume ofthis mixture is then reduced to about 1 liter by evaporating ethanol andwater in the rotary evaporator. A total of 4 liter n-hexane is added,the mixture shaken vigorously and the 2 phases separated in a separationfunnel to remove unreacted mercaptopropylmethylsilane. Theaqueous/ethanolic lower phase is concentrated to a wet paste in therotary evaporator in vacuo and then resuspended in 1.5 liter EtOH. Atotal of 1508 g solution is obtained with a solid content of 19.4 wt. %.

Analytics:

Thermographimetric analysis (TGA; heating rate: 10° C./min from 50° C.to 600° C.): Weight loss: 14.4 wt. % corresponding to the organicmaterial.

Elemental analysis: found: S: 5.04 wt. %: corresponding to an organiccontent of 14.2 wt. % in relatively good agreement to the TGA value.

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): An average diameter of 35-40 nmis obtained for the individual nanoparticles.

Dynamic light scattering (DLS): Average diameter d=38 nm.

EXAMPLE 21 Preparation of Coloured and Ionically Charged Nanoparticles

(anthraquinone, dodecyl and carboxylate groups chemically bonded to3-aminopropylsilane modified silica nanoparticles)

To 6.5 g of a 3-aminopropylsilan modified silica nanoparticle dispersion(solid content 26.2 wt %) (obtainable according to Example 19) 30 g ofdimethyl acetamide (DMA) is added. 1.55 g (4.1 mmol) of theanthraquinone dye of formula (108) obtainable according to Example 5b)is dissolved in 10 g DMA and is added at room temperature to thenanoparticle dispersion. As catalyst NaOMe is added to the reaction. Thereaction dispersion is stirred for 15 hours at 50° C. After that time,it was verified by ¹H-NMR that there are no residual acrylic doublebonds left. Afterwards, 0.54 g (2.05 mmol) of acrylic acid dodecylester(Fluka, Mw=240 g/mol) is added to the dispersion. The reactiondispersion is again stirred at 50° C. for 15 hours. After that time, itwas verified by ¹H-NMR that there are no residual acrylic double bondsleft. After cooling down the reaction dispersion, 0.2 g (2.05 mmol) ofsuccinic anhydride is added and stirred for 3 hours at room temperature.Finally, 0.18 g of NaHCO₃ is added to the dispersion and stirred for 30minutes. After filtering the solid off the dispersion, the solvent isevaporated in the rotavap to obtain a red resin. The resin is dispersedin acetone and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 20 minutes. The obtainedsolid is again dispersed in fresh acetone and again separated using acentrifuge. This cleaning procedure is redone until the acetone phase iscolourless and transparent. The solid is dried under vacuum anddispersed in toluene while adding 0.3 ml of Arquad 18/50 (Akzo Nobel) toobtain a stable red dispersion.

Analytics:

Thermographimetric analysis (TGA; heating rate: 10° C./min from 50° C.to 800° C.): Weight loss: 82.7 wt. % corresponding to the organicmaterial.

Dynamic light scattering (DLS): Average diameter d=194 nm.

Transmission Electronic Microscope (TEM): about 30 nm.

Zeta Potential: −30.9 mV

Mobility: 0.076*10⁻⁸ m²/Vs

EXAMPLE 22 Preparation of Coloured and Ionically Charged Nanoparticles

(anthraquinone, dodecyl and sulfonate groups chemically bonded to3-aminopropylsilane modified silica nanoparticles)

To 3.1 g of a 3-aminopropylsilan modified silica nanoparticle dispersion(solid content 26.2 wt %) (obtainable according to Example 19) 20 g ofDMA is added. 0.75 g (1.97 mmol) of the antraquinone dye of formula(108) obtainable according to Example 5b) is dissolved in 10 g DMA andis added at room temperature to the nanoparticle dispersion. NaOMe isadded as catalyst. The reaction dispersion is stirred for 15 hours at50° C. After that time, it is verified by ¹H-NMR that there are noresidual acrylic double bonds left. Afterwards, 0.47 g (1.96 mmol) ofacrylic acid dodecylester (Fluka, Mw=240 g/mol) is added to thedispersion. The reaction dispersion is again stirred at 50° C. for 15hours. After that time, it is verified by ¹H-NMR that there are noresidual acrylic double bonds left. After cooling down the reactiondispersion, 0.5 g (3.93 mmol) of 1,3-propanesulfone is added and stirredfor 16 hours at 50° C. The solvent is evaporated in the rotavap underhigh vacuum to obtain a red resin. The resin is dispersed in acetone andcentrifuged at 2000 rpm for 20 minutes. The obtained solid is againdispersed in fresh acetone and again separated using a centrifuge. Thiscleaning procedure is redone until the acetone is colourless andtransparent. The solid is dried under vacuum and dispersed in toluenewhile adding 0.3 ml Arquad 18/50 (Akzo Nobel) to obtain a stable reddispersion.

Analytics:

Thermographimetric analysis (TGA; heating rate: 10° C./min from 50° C.to 800° C.): Weight loss: 76 wt. % corresponding to the organicmaterial.

Dynamic light scattering (DLS): Average diameter d=81 nm.

Transmission electron microscope (TEM): d=30 nm

Zeta Potential: −7.0 mV

Mobility: −0.01*10⁻⁸ m²/Vs

The zeta potential ξ (mV) of the surface modified dispersed chargedparticles of Examples 21 and 22 is measured by means of a MalvernZetasizer Nanoseries and, the electrophoretic mobility μ (cm²/VS),calculated from the Smoluchowsky relation (ξ=μη/ε where μ is themobility, η (cP) is the viscosity of the medium and ε is the dielectricconstant).

The zeta potential and the mobility given in Examples 21 and 22 indicatethe suitability of the corresponding particles as electrophoreticdisplaying particles.

In analogy to Examples 21 and 22 corresponding particles can be obtainedby use of the 3-aminopropylsilane modified alumina nanoparticlesaccording to Example 18 or the 3-mercaptopropyl silane modified silicananoparticles according to Example 20.

Examples 1 to 4 and 6 to 17 show further dyes which can be used for thepreparation of functionalized silica or alumina particles.

EXAMPLE 23 Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (129)

Commercial (Fluka) 1-amino-anthrachinone (8.9 g) and sodium carbonate(4.4 g) are dissolved in 200 ml ortho-dichlorobenzene and heated to 150°C.-160° C. To this mixture are added under vigorous stirring methacrylicacid chloride (4.6 g), dissolved in 20 ml ortho-dichlorobenzene, within30 minutes. The reaction mixture is then stirred for an additional hourat 160° C. until all the starting material is consumed and then cooledto room temperature. The mixture is filtered and the filtrate treatedwith hexane to precipitate the crude product, which is filtered andwashed with methanol. The crude product is crystallized from benzene togive 8.8 g of the desired compound.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 2.20 (dd, 3H); 5.65 (broad q, 1H); 6.14 (broadq, 1H); 7.72-7.82 (m, 3H); 8.03 (dd, 1H); 8.21-8.30 (m, 2H); 9.19 (dd,1H); 12.76 (broad s, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 18.97; 118.04; 122.16; 122.72 (2×C), 126.25;127.20; 127.55; 132.98; 134.18; 134.42; 134.51; 135.96; 140.77; 142.42;167.65; 182.67; 187.40.

EXAMPLE 24 a) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (130)

Commercial (Fluka) bromo-amine acid (20.0 g), potassium carbonate (8.6g), 6-amino hexane-1-ol (12.5 g) and copper sulfate (0.8 g) aredissolved in 100 ml deionized water and heated to 80° C. for 3 to 4hours until the starting compound is consumed. The reaction mixture isthen cooled to 50° C. and filtered. The residue is washed with water(50° C.) and the combined cold aqueous phases are taken up indichloromethane. The organic phase is discarded and the aqueous phasetriturated with sodium chloride to precipitate the desired compound,which is filtered and dried at 60° C./0.1 Torr to give 9.0 g of purecompound of formula (130).

¹H-NMR (CD₃OD300 MHz): 1.42-1.65 (m, 6H); 1.74-1.82 (m, 2H); 3.47 (t,2H); 3.58 (t, 2H); 7.32 (m, 2H); 7.92 (s, 1H); 8.26-8.32 (m, 2H).

¹³C-NMR (DMSO-D₆, 75 MHz): 26.05; 27.25; 29.98; 33.27; 42.93; 61.41;109.45; 109.83; 121.59; 126.34; 126.50; 126.77; 133.01; 133.12; 134.56;143.60; 143.98; 145.88; 181.31; 182.14.

b) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (131)

The compound of formula (130) (0.5 g), methacrylic acid methyl ester(1.0 ml) and lipase NOVO 435 (Novozymes, Denmark) are added to 5 mltertiary butanol and are heated to 60° C. at 450 mbar. The mixture isstirred for 48 h with occasional replenishment of solvent andmethacrylic acid methyl ester (3 times 5 ml solvent and 1 ml ester). Themixture is then filtered, washed with methanol and the filtrateevaporated to give a crude product which is purified on a silica gelcolumn (eluent: dichloro methane—methanol: 10-1) to give 0.23 g of purecompound of formula (131).

¹H-NMR (DMSO-D₆, 300 MHz): 1.21-1.43 (m, 6H); 1.65-1.85 (m, 2H); 2.49(s, 3H); 3.39 (t, 2H); 4.08 (t, 2H); 5.62 (broad q, 1H); 5.99 (broad q,1H); 7.74-7.77 (m, 3H); 8.19-8.24 (m, 2H); 10.69 (broad 1H).

¹³C-NMR (DMSO-D₆, 75 MHz): 18.83; 25.98; 26.95; 28.85; 29.77; 42.86;65.00; 109.44; 109.78; 121.54; 126.14; 126.37; 126.52; 133.03; 133.12;134.61 (2×C); 136.13; 143.66; 144.19; 145.92; 167.16; 181.32; 182.12.

EXAMPLE 25 a) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (132)

The compound of formula (132) is obtained in analogy to Example 1 forthe synthesis of compound (101). 1-Fluoro anthrachinone (20.0 g),commercial (Fluka) hexyl amine (14.0 ml), potassium carbonate (15.0 g)and copper (0.3 g) are given into 200 ml of dioxane and refluxed for 20h until all starting material is consumed. The mixture is cooled andfiltered. The residue is then taken up in ethyl acetate and successivelywashed with 1 N hydrogen chloride, saturated sodium hydrogen carbonateand brine. Filtration and evaporation of the solvent leaves 26.2 g ofpure compound of formula (132) for the ensuing step.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 0.84 (t, 3H); 1.25-1.32 (m, 4H); 1.36-1.46 (m,2H); 1.69 (quint., 2H); 3.23 (t, 2H); 6.96 (dd, 1H); 7.44 (dd, 1H); 7.49(dd, 1H); 7.56-7.68 (m, 2H); 8.12-8.19 (m, 2H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 14.41; 22.95; 27.23; 29.44; 31.91; 43.55;113.13; 115.91; 118.28; 126.84; 126.88; 133.04; 133.22; 134.06; 134.84;135.21; 135.41; 151.73; 183.85; 185.02.

b) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (133)

The compound of formula (133) is obtained following a literatureprotocol (K. S. Chamberlain, Synth. Commun. 1995, 25, 27). The compoundof formula (132) (15.3 g) and 48% hydrobromic acid (8.5 g) are dissolvedin a mixture of 85 ml acetic acid and 50 ml propionic acid at −10° C. Tothis mixture is added commercial (Fluka) bromine (2.8 ml) during 1 hour.Stirring is continued for an additional hour until the starting materialis consumed. A solution of saturated sodium hydrogen sulfite (50 ml) isthen added to give a sticky residue which is taken up in dichloromethane. The organic phase is successively washed with saturated sodiumhydrogen carbonate, 1 N sodium hydroxide until neutral and brine. Usualwork-up leaves the compound of formula (133) as an oil which solidifiesslowly (18.1 g).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 0.84 (t, 3H); 1.24-1.31 (m, 4H); 1.34-1.43 (m,2H); 1.65 (quint., 2H); 3.18 (t, 2H); 6.95 (dd, 1H); 7.54-7.62 (m, 3H);8.06-8.10 (m, 2H); 10.00 (broad, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 14.40; 22.93; 27.20; 29.38; 31.88; 43.74;108.46; 114.58; 118.62; 126.33; 127.04; 131.64; 133.25; 133.58; 133.78;134.06; 142.40; 151.63; 182.98; 184.25.

c) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (134)

The compound of formula (134) is obtained following the protocol givenfor compound (119) in Example 12 from 4.0 g of compound of formula(133), 2.4 g amino-hexanol, 2.2 g potassium carbonate and 0.1 g copperwithout solvent. After 24 hours at 10° C. the mixture is cooled anddissolved in ethyl acetate, filtered and the organic phase extractedsuccessively with 1 N hydrogen chloride, saturated sodium carbonate andbrine. Usual work-up gives a crude material which is purified on asilica gel column (eluent: hexane—ethyl acetate: 10-3 to 0-1) and yields2.7 g of a blue solid.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 0.84 (t, 3H); 1.26-1.31 (m, 4H); 1.36-1.46 (m,6H); 1.54 (quint., 2H); 1.70 (quint., 4H); 3.30 (t, 2H); 3.32 (t, 2H);3.59 (t, 2H); 7.17 (s, 2H); 7.56-7.62 (m, 2H); 8.20-8.26 (m, 2H).

d) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (135)

The compound of formula (135) is obtained following the protocol givenfor compound (108) in Example 5 from 3.4 g of compound of formula (134),3.0 ml of methacrylic acid methyl ester and 3.0 g of NOVO 435 in 20 mlof toluene. Usual work-up and purification on a silica gel column(eluent: hexane—ethyl acetate: 10-3) yields 3.5 g of the blue ester.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 0.91 (t, 3H); 1.34-1.39 (m, 4H); 1.43-1.57 (m,6H); 1.68-1.84 (m, 4H); 1.94 (q, 3H); 3.36 (dt, 4H); 4.15 (t, 2H); 5.53(quint., 1H); 6.08 (quint., 1H); 7.18 (s, 2H); 7.63-7.68 (m, 2H);8.28-8.33 (m, 2H); 10.76 (broad, 2H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 14.41; 18.69; 22.93; 26.19; 27.20; 27.23;28.92; 29.91; 29.99; 31.93; 43.24; 43.42; 64.88; 110.07; 110.13; 123.66;123.80; 125.37; 126.18 (2×C); 132.09; 132.11; 134.66; 134.69; 136.67;146.09; 146.16; 167.59; 182.32; 182.39.

EXAMPLE 26 a) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (136)

The compound of formula (136) is obtained following the protocol givenfor the compound of formula (132) in Example 25 from 15.0 g 1-fluoroanthrachinone, 0.2 g octadecyl amine (Fluka), 10.0 g potassium carbonateand 0.25 g of copper in 200 ml hexane. Usual work-up yields 28.5 g ofthe red amine of formula (136).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 0.80 (t, 3H); 1.15-1.45 (m, 30H); 1.68 (quint.,2H); 3.22 (t, 2H); 6.95 (dd, 1H); 7.42 (dd, 1H); 7.48 (dd, 1H);7.56-7.68 (m, 2H); 8.11-8.18 (m, 2H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 14.49; 23.06; 27.56; 29.48; 29.73; 29.91;29.97; 30.02 (2×C); 30.06 (7×C); 32.29; 43.49; 113.17; 115.84; 118.20;126.83; 126.87; 133.01; 133.22; 134.03; 134.83; 135.22; 135.39; 151.78;183.84; 184.98.

b) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (137)

The compound of formula (137) is obtained following the protocol givenfor the compound of formula (133) in Example 25 from 28.0 g of thecompound of formula (136), 10.0 g of 48% hydrogen bromide and 3.3 ml ofbromine in 60 ml of propionic acid and 100 ml of acetic acid. Similarwork-up yields 26.8 g of the bromide of formula (137).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 0.80 (t, 3H); 1.15-1.45 (m, 30H); 1.64 (quint.,2H); 3.18 (dt, 2H); 6.74 (d, 1H); 7.54-7.65 (m, 3H); 8.05-8.15 (m, 2H);10.00 (broad, 1H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 14.49; 23.06; 27.52; 29.41; 29.47; 29.73;29.89; 29.97; 30.02 (2×C); 30.07 (6×C); 32.29; 43.46; 108.46; 114.57;118.61; 126.33; 127.05; 131.64; 133.25; 133.59; 133.79; 135.36; 142.41;151.64; 182.97; 184.25.

c) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (138)

The compound of formula (138) is obtained following the protocol givenfor the compound of formula (134) in Example 25 from 19.0 g of thecompound of formula (137), 8.6 g of amino hexanol, 40 mg of copper and8.0 g of potassium carbonate. Purification of the crude material viacolumn chromatography (eluent: hexane—ethyl acetate: 10-2 to 10⁻⁶)yields 6.6 g of the compound of formula (138)

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 0.80 (t, 3H); 1.26-1.60 (m, 36H); 1.65-1.78 (m,4H); 3.30 (dt, 4H); 3.59 (t, 2H); 7.20 (s, 2H); 7.58-7.64 (m, 2H);8.21-8.27 (m, 2H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 14.49; 23.06; 25.83; 27.20; 27.50; 29.64;29.71; 29.79; 29.8; 29.97; 30.02 (2×C); 30.06 (6×C); 32.28; 32.94;43.92; 44.08; 63.07; 108.46; 114.57; 118.61; 124.24; 124.15; 126.35(2×C); 132.51 (2×C); 134.49; 134.53; 145.33; 151.64; 182.83; 182.93.

d) Synthesis of the Compound of Formula (139)

The compound of formula (139) is obtained following the protocol givenfor the compound of formula (135) in Example 25 from 6.6 g of thecompound of formula (138), 5.0 ml of methacrylic acid methyl ester and5.0 g of NOVO 435. Purification of the crude material via columnchromatography (eluent: hexane—ethyl acetate: 10-1 to 1-2) yields 6.2 gof the compound of formula (139)

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): 0.89 (t, 3H); 1.26-1.60 (m, 36H); 1.65-1.78 (m,4H); 1.95 (dd, 3H); 3.30-3.41 (m, 4H); 4.16 (t, 2H); 5.53 (m, 1H); 6.09(m, 1H); 7.23 (s 2H); 7.64-7.69 (m, 2H); 8.29-8.37 (m, 2H).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃, 75 MHz): 14.49; 18.69; 23.06; 26.19; 27.20; 27.54;28.92; 29.71; 29.74; 29.86; 29.89; 29.97; 30.02 (2×C); 30.06 (6×C);32.28; 43.42; 43.63; 64.88; 110.04; 123.78; 123.95; 125.38 (2×C); 126.24(2×C); 126.89; 132.23 (2×C); 134.62; 134.65; 136.67; 145.93; 167.60;182.51; 182.58.

EXAMPLE 27 Synthesis of

To 23.6 g of a 3-aminopropylsilane modified silica nanoparticledispersion (solid content 26.2 wt %) (obtained according to example 18)30 g of water, 0.15 g of Cu(I)Cl (Fluka puriss.) and 0.38 g of LiOH(Fluka puriss.) are added. Under stirring 11 g of the compound offormula

are added to the reaction dispersion. The reaction is stirred for 15hours at 70° C. Afterwards, 50 mL of ethanol is added to precipitate theproduct. The mixture is then centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 15 min andre-suspended in ethanol for three times. The intermediate is a coloredyellowish-brown powder and is re-dispersible in water.

Analytics:

Thermographimetric analysis (TGA; heating rate: 10° C./min from 50° C.to 800° C.): Weight loss: 36.5 wt. % corresponding to the organicmaterial.

Zeta Potential in water: −42.3 mV

Mobility: −3.3*10⁻⁸ m²/Vs

Afterwards, a quarter of the powder of the intermediate above isre-suspended in ethanol to obtain a homogenous suspension. To this 2.4 gof stearylacrylate (Aldrich, CAS 4813-57-4) is added with a trace ofsodium methylate (Fluka, CAS 124-41-4) as catalyst. The reaction isstirred for 15 h at 50° C. The obtained brownish suspension is thencentrifuged at 2000 rpm for 15 min. The residue is re-dispersed intoluene and dried with sodium sulfate. After filtering, evaporating thesolvent and drying under vacuum a yellowish-brown powder is obtained.This is re-dispersed in Isopar G to give a yellow and transparentdispersion at a weight content of 5 wt. %.

Analytics:

Thermographimetric analysis (TGA; heating rate: 10° C./min from 50° C.to 800° C.): Weight loss: 63 wt. % corresponding to the organicmaterial.

Dynamic light scattering (DLS): Average diameter d=207 nm

Zeta Potential: −40 mV

Mobility: −0.05*10⁻⁸ m²/Vs

EXAMPLE 28 Synthesis of

To 5.9 g of a 3-aminopropylsilane modified silica nanoparticledispersion (solid content 26.2 wt %) (obtained according to example 18)50 g of DMA is added. Afterwards, ethanol is removed with a rotovap toobtain a DMA dispersion of 3-aminopropylsilane modified silicananoparticles. Then, 1.37 g of the compound of formula

and 2.24 g of the compound of formula

are added under stirring with 0.1 g of LiOH (Fluka puriss.) and 10 g ofwater. The reaction is stirred for 15 hours at 105° C. Afterwards, thesolvent is evaporated using a rotovap. The obtained green powder is thenre-dispersed and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 15 min, three times withethanol and two times with water. The solvent is evaporated and thegreen powder is dried under vacuum. 4.6 g of green powder is obtained.

Analytics:

Thermographimetric analysis (TGA; heating rate: 10° C./min from 50° C.to 800° C.): Weight loss: 51.3 wt. % corresponding to the organicmaterial.

Afterwards, 0.5 g of the green intermediate is re-dispersed in 30 g ofwater and 0.2 g of 2-phenoxyethyl acrylate (Aldrich, CAS 48145-04-6) isadded. The reaction is stirred for 15 h at 70° C. The excess of theacrylate is removed by adding diethyl ether and separating the twophases by using a separating funnel. This procedure is done for fourtimes. Then, the aqueous phase is mixed with 50 mL of propylenecarbonate and 0.5 mL of dimethyldodecylethylammonium hydroxide (Fluka,CAS 19184-59-9) is added. With this step the nanoparticles are dispersedin the organic phase and water is removed. The propylene carbonatedispersion is then washed with water successively for four times. Afterdrying the propylene carbonate dispersion with sodium sulfate leads to a1.5 wt. % green transparent dispersion of nanoparticles.

Analytics:

Dynamic light scattering (DLS): Average diameter d=147 nm

Zeta Potential in propylene carbonate: −52.2 mV

Mobility: −1.2*10⁻⁸ m²/Vs

EXAMPLE 29 Synthesis of

To 23 g of a 3-aminopropylsilane modified silica nanoparticle dispersion(solid content 26.2 wt %) (obtained according to example 18) 50 mL ofDMA is added. Afterwards, ethanol is removed with a rotovap to obtain aDMA dispersion of 3-aminopropylsilane modified silica nanoparticles.Then, 11.8 g of the compound of formula

are added under stirring with 0.38 g of LiOH (Fluka puriss.) and 10 g ofwater. The reaction is stirred for 15 hours at 105° C. Afterwards, thereaction mixture is concentrated by evaporation of three quarters of thesolvent. The obtained red dispersion is diluted with 20 mL of ethanoland treated with ultrasound for 30 min. Afterwards, the mixture iscentrifuged at 2000 rpm for 20 min. The obtained residue is redispersedin ethanol and again centrifuged. This treatment is repeated for fourtimes. Then, the solvent is evaporated and the red powder is dried undervacuum. 14 g of red powder is obtained. The product is re-dispersible inwater to a transparent red dispersion.

Analytics:

Thermographimetric analysis (TGA; heating rate: 10° C./min from 50° C.to 800° C.): Weight loss: 51.3 wt. % corresponding to the organicmaterial.

Dynamic light scattering (DLS): Average diameter d=106 nm

Zeta Potential: −48.3 mV

Mobility: −1.1*10⁻⁸ m²/Vs

Then, 0.5 g of the red intermediate is re-dispersed in 30 g of water and0.2 g of 2-phenoxyethyl acrylate (Aldrich, CAS 48145-04-6) is added. Thereaction is stirred for 15 h at 70° C. The excess of the acrylate isremoved by adding diethyl ether and separating the two phases by using aseparating funnel. This procedure is done for four times. Then, theaqueous phase is mixed with 50 mL of propylene carbonate and 0.5 mL ofdimethyldodecylethylammonium hydroxide (Fluka, CAS 19184-59-9) is added.With this step the nanoparticles are dispersed in the organic phase andwater is removed. The propylene carbonate dispersion is then washed withwater successively for four times. After drying the propylene carbonate(Aldrich, CAS 108-32-7) dispersion with sodium sulfate leads to a 1.3wt. % transparent dispersion of nanoparticles which is colored red.

Analytics:

Thermographimetric analysis (TGA; heating rate: 10° C./min from 50° C.to 800° C.): Weight loss: 86 wt. % corresponding to the organicmaterial.

Dynamic light scattering (DLS): Average diameter d=86 nm

Zeta Potential in propylene carbonate: −52.3 mV

Mobility: −1.2*10⁻⁸ m²/Vs

EXAMPLE 30 Synthesis of

To 1.5 g of a 3-aminopropylsilane modified silica nanoparticledispersion (solid content 26.2 wt %) (obtained according to example 18)20 g of methanol and 10 g of dichloromethane are added. The dispersionis stirred and 1.96 g of polydimethylsiloxane monoacrylate (Mw ca. 1000g/mol) is added. The reaction is stirred at 50° C. for 15 h. Aftercooling down the reaction mixture the solvent is evaporated and thecolorless resin is dried under vacuum. The obtained resin is thenredispersed in isopar G to get a 15 wt % transparent dispersion.

Analytics:

Dynamic light scattering (DLS): Average diameter d=152 nm

Then, 100 mL of the dispersion prepared above is mixed with 10 g ofwater, 0.4 g of the compound of formula

and 0.013 g of LiOH (Fluka puriss.). The mixture is homogenized withultrasound to give a homogenous emulsion which is then treated withultrasound for 4 h at 50° C. After cooling down the obtained two phasesare separated from each other using a separating funnel. The organicphase is extensively washed with water. Finally, the solvent isevaporated and a red resin is obtained which is dried with vacuum. Thefinal product is re-dispersed in decamethyltetrasiloxane (Aldrich, CAS142-62-8) to give a 5 wt % red transparent dispersion.

Analytics:

Thermographimetric analysis (TGA; heating rate: 10° C./min from 50° C.to 800° C.): Weight loss: 86 wt. % corresponding to the organicmaterial.

Dynamic light scattering (DLS): Average diameter d=82 nm

Zeta Potential in polydimethylsiloxane: −17.9 mV

Mobility: −0.007*10⁻⁸ m²/Vs

EXAMPLE 31 Synthesis of

To 2 g of a 3-aminopropylsilane modified silica nanoparticle dispersion(solid content 26.2 wt %) (obtained according to example 18) 20 g ofmethanol and 10 g of dichloromethane are added. The dispersion isstirred and 8.2 g of polydimethylsiloxane monoacrylate (Mw ca. 5000g/mol) is added. The reaction is stirred at 50° C. for 15 h. Aftercooling down the reaction mixture, the solvent is evaporated and thecolorless resin is dried under vacuum. Then, 4.2 g of the resin aredispersed in 30 g of toluene. While stirring, 0.34 g of thecorresponding dye (see above) is added to the dispersion. The reactionis then stirred for 4 hours at 100° C. After cooling down the obtaineddispersion is washed intensively with water. Finally, the solvent isevaporated and the obtained blue resin is dried under vacuum. The finalproduct is re-dispersed in decamethyltetrasiloxane (Aldrich, CAS142-62-8) to give a 15 wt % red transparent dispersion.

Analytics:

Thermographimetric analysis (TGA; heating rate: 10° C./min from 50° C.to 800° C.): Weight loss: 88.6 wt. % corresponding to the organicmaterial.

Dynamic light scattering (DLS): Average diameter d=97 nm

Mobility: −0.005*10⁻⁸ m²/Vs

EXAMPLE 32 Synthesis of

To 5 g of a 3-aminopropylsilane modified silica nanoparticle dispersion(solid content 26.2 wt %) (obtained according to example 18) 80 g of DMAand 1.51 g of compound (135) are added. The dispersion is stirred at 50°C. for 15 h. Then, 0.5 g of stearylacrylate (Aldrich, CAS 4813-57-4) isadded. The reaction is stirred at 50° C. for 15 h. After cooling downthe reaction mixture, 0.16 g of succinic anhydride (Fluka, 108-30-5) isadded. After stirring the reaction solution for 3 h, 2 mL ofdimethyldodecylethylammonium hydroxide (Fluka, CAS 19184-59-9) is added.Afterwards, the solvent is evaporated and the obtained blue powder isdried under vacuum. The final product is re-dispersed in dodecane(Fluka, CAS 140-70-3) to give a 15 wt % blue transparent dispersion.

Analytics:

Zeta potential in dodecane: −9 mV

Mobility: −0.008*10⁻⁸ m²/Vs

EXAMPLE 33 Synthesis of

To 2.5 g of a 3-aminopropylsilane modified silica nanoparticledispersion (solid content 26.2 wt %) (obtained according to example 18)80 g of DMA and 1.52 g of compound (139) are added. The dispersion isstirred at 50° C. for 15 h. After cooling down the reaction mixture,0.16 g of succinic anhydride (Fluka, 108-30-5) is added. After stirringthe reaction solution for 4 h, 0.065 g of NaHCO₃ is added and stirredfor 1 h. The obtained blue suspension is centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10min. The blue solid is washed with DMA and then resuspended in water.The suspension is then filtered and the blue filtrate is washed withwater. The solid is dried under vacuum. 1.7 g of blue powder isobtained. Then, 0.5 g of the product are redispersed in 40 mL of2-propanol by adding 0.7 mL of benzalkonium chloride (CAS 68424-85-1)and treated with ultrasound for 2 h. The suspension is filtered and thefiltrate is washed successively with 2-propanol, ethanol and water.After drying the powder under vacuum it is re-dispersed in dodecane togive a 2.5 wt % transparent blue dispersion.

Analytics:

Zeta potential: −20.5 mV

Mobility: −0.018*10⁻⁸ m²/Vs

EXAMPLE 34 Synthesis of

To 5 g of a 3-aminopropylsilane modified silica nanoparticle dispersion(solid content 26.2 wt %) (obtained according to example 18) 80 g of DMAand 0.9 g of compound (129) are added. The dispersion is stirred at 50°C. for 15 hours. Then, 0.5 g of stearylacrylate (Aldrich, CAS 4813-57-4)is added. The reaction is stirred at 50° C. for 15 hours. After coolingdown the reaction mixture, 0.16 g of succinic anhydride (Fluka,108-30-5) is added. After stirring the reaction solution for 3 hours, 2ml of dimethyldodecylethylammonium hydroxide (Fluka, CAS 19184-59-9) isadded. Afterwards, the solvent is evaporated and the obtainedyellowish-brown powder is washed successively with ethanol and water.Then it is dried under vacuum. The final product is re-dispersed indodecane (Fluka, CAS 140-70-3) to give a 15 wt % yellow transparentdispersion.

Analytics:

Zeta potential: −14 mV

Mobility: −0.013*10⁻⁸ m²/Vs

EXAMPLE 35 Synthesis of

To 5 g of a 3-aminopropylsilane modified silica nanoparticle dispersion(solid content 26.2 wt %) (obtained according to example 18) 80 g of DMAand 2 g of compound (139) are added. The dispersion is stirred at 50° C.for 15 hours. Then, 0.5 g of stearylacrylate (Aldrich, CAS 4813-57-4) isadded. The reaction is stirred at 50° C. for 15 hours. After coolingdown the reaction mixture, 0.16 g of succinic anhydride (Fluka,108-30-5) is added. After stirring the reaction solution for 3 hours, anexcess of ethanol is added. The mixture is then centrifuged and washedwith DMA and ethanol for four times. Afterwards, the solvent isevaporated and the obtained blue powder is dried under vacuum. The finalproduct is re-dispersed in dodecane (Fluka, CAS 140-70-3). Then NaHCO₃is added to the dispersion. After filtering of the solid a bluetransparent dispersion is obtained bearing 15 wt % of the product.

Analytics:

Zeta potential in dodecane: −12 mV

Mobility: −0.01*10⁻⁸ m²/Vs

Techniques to Tune the Zeta Potential of the Described Products:

To obtain better electrophoretic performance of the nanoparticlesdispersions of the present invention, in particular those illustrated inthe aforegoing examples, they may comprise different additives, likepolymers or small molecules with acid and basic groups, which are ableto ensure effective charge separation and enhance the zeta potential andElectrophoretic mobility of the particles.

By adding to the dispersed nanoparticles containing acidic groups,electron donating or proton accepting compounds the switching propertiesof the dispersions can be improved. Examples of this class of materialsare small molecules or polymers which includes amines (primary,secondary tertiary), copolymers with secondary and tertiary mono-,oligo- or poly-amines, saturated, unsaturated and aromaticN-heterocycles, and phenyl and naphthyl groups, such as aminofunctional(meth)acrylates like dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate, dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide,tert.-butylamino-ethylmethacrylate, 2-, 3- or 4-vinylpyridine,4-dimethylaminostyrene, N-vinylimidazole or salts thereof with organicor inorganic acids; polyethylene imines and the like.

By adding to the dispersed nanoparticles containing basic groups,electron accepting or proton donating compounds the switching propertiesof the dispersions can be improved. Examples of this class of materialsare small molecules or polymers which include acid like alkyl, aryl,alkylaril carboxylic, sulfonic, acids and their salts. Salicylic,maleic, acrylic acids and their salts. Primary and secondary amidespolyimides, polysuccinimide and the like, quaternary ammonium salts andthe like

By adding to the dispersed nanoparticles inorganic or organic acids ormetal salts or complexes of soluble acids the zeta potentialdistribution of the particles in dispersion becomes narrower and thezeta potential values and the related mobility become higher. Examplesof this class of materials are suitable charge controlling agents, likealkylated arylsulfonates, like Basic Barium, Neutral Barium, CalciumPetronate® and the like (available from Chemtura). Another class ofcharge controlling agents include the polyisobutylene succinimides suchas Chevron's Oloa 11000 and the like.

1. A method for producing an electrophoretic image or text which methodcomprises applying an electric voltage to electrophoretic displayingparticles in a dispersing medium, wherein the electrophoretic displayingparticles are functionalized particles which are SiO₂, Al₂O₃ or mixedSiO₂ and Al₂O₃ particles comprising, covalently bound to an oxygen atomon the surface, a radical of formula

wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently of each other hydrogen, particlesurface-O—, or a substituent, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, B is thedirect bond or a bridge member, and D is the residue of an organicchromophore.
 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein R₁ and R₂independently of each other are hydrogen; C₁-C₂₅alkyl which may beinterrupted by —O— or —S—; C₂-C₂₄alkenyl; phenyl; C₇-C₉phenylalkyl;—OR₅;

R₅ is hydrogen; C₁-C₂₅alkyl which may be interrupted by —O— or —S—;C₂-C₂₄alkenyl; phenyl; C₇-C₉phenylalkyl;

or the particle surface, R₆ and R₇ independently of each other arehydrogen; C₁-C₂₅alkyl which may be interrupted by —O— or —S—;C₂-C₂₄alkenyl; phenyl; C₇-C₉phenylalkyl; or —OR₅, and R₈, R₉ and R₁₀independently of each other are hydrogen; C₁-C₂₅alkyl which may beinterrupted by —O— or —S—; C₂-C₂₄alkenyl; phenyl; or C₇-C₉phenylalkyl.3. A method according to claim 1, wherein n is 2, 3 or
 4. 4. A methodaccording to claim 1, wherein B is the direct bond or a bridge member offormula -A₁-C₁-C₂₅alkylene-A₂-, -A₁-C₁-C₂₅alkylene-phenylene-A₂- or-A₁-phenylene-C₁-C₂₅alkylene-A₂-, wherein A₁ and A₂ are the direct bond,—O—, —S—, —N(R₃)—, —CO—, —O—CO—, —CO—O—, —N(R₃)—CO— or —CO—N(R₃)—, theC₁-C₂₅alkylene radical is uninterrupted or interrupted by at least oneof the radicals selected from the group consisting of —O—, —S—, —N(R₃)—,—N⁺(R₃)₂—, —CO—, —O—CO—, —CO—O—, —N(R₃)—CO—, —CO—N(R₃)— and phenylene,and wherein R₃ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₂alkyl or hydroxyl-substitutedC₁-C₁₂alkyl.
 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein D is the radicalof a monoazo, disazo, polyazo, anthraquinone, phthalocyanine, formazan,dioxazine or metal complex dye.
 6. A method according to claim 1,wherein the functionalized particles are used as green, blue, red,magenta, yellow or cyan components.
 7. A method according to claim 1,wherein a combination of the functionalized particles are present in thedispersing medium and the functionalized particles are green, blue andred components, or the functionalized particles are magenta, yellow andcyan components.
 8. A method according to claim 1, wherein thefunctionalized particle is a green component and D is the radical of aphthalocyanine dye, or the functionalized particle is a blue componentand D is the radical of a metal complex dye or an 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone dye, or the functionalized particle is a red component andD is the radical of an 1-amino anthraquinone dye.
 9. A method accordingto claim 1, wherein the functionalized particles comprise additionally,covalently bound to an oxygen atom on the surface, a radical of theformula (7)

wherein R₁₂ and R₁₃ are independently of each other hydrogen, particlesurface-O—, or a substituent, R₁₁ is C₁-C₂₅alkyl or C₂-C₂₄alkenyl, eachof which is unsubstituted or substituted by amino, mercapto, phenyl orhydroxyl and is uninterrupted or interrupted by —O—, —S—, —N(R₁₄)—,—CO—, —O—CO—, —CO—O—, —N(R₁₄)—CO—, —CO—N(R₁₄)— or phenylene;C₅-C₁₂cycloalkyl; C₅-C₁₂cycloalkenyl; or a polymerizable group or apolymer each of which may be bound via a bridge member, and R₁₄ ishydrogen or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₁₂alkyl.
 10. A methodaccording claim 1, wherein the functionalized particles compriseadditionally, covalently bound to an oxygen atom on the surface, aradical of the formula (8)

wherein R₁₆ and R₁₇ are independently of each other hydrogen, particlesurface-O—, or a substituent, R₁₅ is C₁-C₂₅alkyl or C₂-C₂₄alkenyl, eachof which is unsubstituted or substituted by amino, mercapto, phenyl orhydroxyl and is uninterrupted or interrupted by —O—, —S—, —N(R₁₈)—,—N⁺(R₁₈)₂—, —CO—, —O—CO—, —CO—O—, —N(R₁₈)—CO—, —CO—N(R₁₈)— or phenylene;C₅-C₁₂cycloalkyl; C₅-C₁₂cycloalkenyl; or a polymerizable group or apolymer each of which may be bound via a bridge member, R₁₈ is hydrogenor unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₁₂alkyl, and wherein R₁₅ or R₁₈additionally comprise a cationic ammonium or phosphonium group or ananionic carboxy, sulfato, sulfonato or phosphato group.
 11. A methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the functionalized particles have aspherical shape.
 12. A method according to claim 1, wherein thefunctionalized particles have a mean particle size of 1 to 1000 nm. 13.A method according to claim 1, wherein the functionalized particles havea mean particle size of 1 to 200 nm.
 14. A method according to claim 1,wherein the functionalized nanoparticles are silica nanoparticles.
 15. Amethod according to claim 1, for producing an electrophoretic image ortext for electronic paper.
 16. An electrophoretic dispersion comprisinga dispersion medium and at least one of the functionalized particlesaccording to claim
 1. 17. An electrophoretic display comprising aselectrophoretic displaying particles functionalized particles accordingto claim
 1. 18. An electrophoretic display according to claim 17 whereinthe electrophoretic display is electronic paper.
 19. FunctionalizedSiO₂, Al₂O₃ or mixed SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ particles comprising, covalentlybound to an oxygen atom on the surface, a radical of formula

wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently of each other hydrogen, particlesurface-O—, or a substituent, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, B is thedirect bond or a bridge member, and i) D is a radical of an unchargedmonoazo, disazo, polyazo, anthraquinone, formazan, dioxazine or metalcomplex dye, with the proviso, that phthalocyanine dyes are excluded, orii) D is a radical of an uncharged monoazo, disazo, polyazo,anthraquinone, formazan, dioxazine or metal complex dye, with theproviso, that phthalocyanine dyes are excluded, and the functionalizedparticles comprise additionally, covalently bound to an oxygen atom onthe surface, a radical of the formula (7)

wherein R₁₂ and R₁₃ are independently of each other hydrogen, particlesurface-O—, or a substituent, R₁₁ is C₁-C₂₅alkyl or C₂-C₂₄alkenyl, eachof which is unsubstituted or substituted by amino, mercapto, Phenyl orhydroxyl and is uninterrupted or interrupted by —O—, —S—, —N(R₁₄)—,—CO—. —O—CO—, —CO—O—, —N(R₁₄)—CO—, —CO—N(R₁₄)— or phenylene,C₅-C₁₂cycloalkyl; C₅-C₁₂cycloalkenyl; or a polymerizable group or apolymer each of which may be bound via a bridge member, and R₁₄ ishydrogen or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₁₂alkyl.
 20. Anelectrophoretic display system, which includes a pair of substrates andan electrophoretic dispersion placed between the substrates, wherein atleast one of the substrates comprises a transparent material, thesubstrates have a predetermined distance therebetween, and theelectrophoretic dispersion contains at least a liquid dispersion mediumand electrophoretic particles according to claim 16 having a surfacecharge.